Christina Rossetti Essay Example

Christina Rossetti Paper Christina Rossetti was born in London, England on the 5th December 1830. She was of Italian origin, although she never visited Italy and spent her whole life in England. Her father, before moving to England, worked as composer Rossinis librettist. In England he taught and worked as a Dante scholar, marrying the much younger Frances Polidori. Polidori gave birth to the famous painter, Dante Gabriel Rossetti in 1828 and two years later to Christina Rossetti. Christina Rossetti was a devout Anglican who never married, although she was engaged twice. There is a sexist assumption that something is solemn about women who never marry. She died in 1894. Gabriel was said to be the more famous of the Rossetti children, but Christina made her fair share of famous poems including Goblin Market probably the most famous. Her poem, L.E.L. (whose heart was breaking for a little love) is one of her less famous poems, but is still written in her distinctive style. As the title suggests, the following is an analysis of the poem and an overall view of to what extent the poem can be called depressing. We will write a custom essay sample on Christina Rossetti specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Christina Rossetti specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Christina Rossetti specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The title of the poem begins with the letters L.E.L. which are the initials of another poet of the same era Letitia E. Landon, who lived between the years of 1802-1838 she died very young, by committing suicide, after being forced into marriage. She had a very depressing and hard, short life and Rossetti has decided to include this in her poem. The reason that she put the initials in the title instead of the whole name is not totally known. It could be because she thought it would be wrong to tell of whom she was writing of, but wanted to hint to the readers of who it was. It could be just to create a sense of mystery right at the beginning of the poem. The title as a whole L.E.L. whose heart was breaking for a little love Almost appears like an epitaph of a gravestone which sets the mood straight away as a depressing one. Especially the latter part of the title which suggests that she died before she ever got to find love and whether that could be linked to her death would make it even more of a tragedy. The rhyme scheme of the poem is an interesting one. It is a-b-a-b-c-c-c. The quatrain part of the verse (a-b-a-b) tells us of L.E.L.s thoughts and feelings. I laugh, I sport and jest and my heart is breaking for a little love. The triplet part of the verse (c-c-c) tells us of the happiness of spring and all living things having a good time. When the quatrain and triplet are juxtaposed it shows the contrast between the depression of her feelings to the positive images of spring and thus making out that everybody and everything is having a good time, but she is not. The nineteenth century was time when people thought that life was just a show or play and everyone would just play out their parts. We can see images of playacting throughout the poem, which portray that it was written in the nineteenth century. Who play the pleasant parts and I deck myself with silks and jewelry. The first of these quotes sounds like it is said with a sneer as if jealous that other people have been enrolled with the pleasant parts and she is stuck with the lonely, depressing role. The latter of these quotes is the first part of a longer quote that follows the same pattern. It shows how she tries to hide her sad feelings, and she puts on a show to people to make-out that nothing is wrong and she is happy. There are images of isolation in the poem that emphasise her depression, and that she is closed off from the rest of the world. Mine own heart that dwells alone. The contrast of I and they I plume myself, they praise my rustling show. Also, in the first verse, there is a depressed, isolated mood created from the contrast of her public life, Downstairs I laugh, to her private life where she feels lonely, my solitary room above. The line running after that is turn my face in silence so we can see the sibilance of solitary, face and silence which creates a soft but, more importantly, sad mood to the poem. There is a line that is, save a few small differences like tense, constant for each verse. It is the fourth line my heart is breaking for a little love which is also included in the title of the poem and repeated six times in the poem. This repetition, and the alliteration of little love, greatly emphasises her loneliness and her desire some sort of love or care in her life. The little creates an even bigger sense of pity, because she isnt even asking to be loved to a great extent. She just wants a little love, someone who shows the least bit of care for her. The use of three, or tripling, is a device used a lot in the poem. I laugh, I sport and jest. And springtime wakes and clothes and feeds the use of three is a link to the bible, and in those days religion was a big thing. It somewhat suggests that her misery is Gods will, and it is just a small part of his great plan that is humanity. The first verse begins with a good start, I laugh, but there is a sense of doubt straight away with the But at the start of the second line. It gives an edge to the poem, because we know it is a sign of contrast, which will lead into the depression of the poem. The happiness of spring then contrasts her feelings and creates a sense of irony. The next verse shows her complete lack of self-esteem woes me and her isolation from the happy spring I feel no spring, while spring is wellnigh blown. This all adds to the depressing atmosphere. The third verse shows more images of isolation all love, are loved, save only I and contrasted to the onomatopoeia of whirr which is a reflection to the sounds of summer. Verse four includes yet more isolation with the contrast of I and they as explained earlier. The I plume myself is also a reference to nature which is ironic as she feels further from nature as possible in this poem, yet describes her actions in the way of a bird. The fifth verse is where more positive lexis starts to appear in the quatrain. Perhaps some saints in glory guess the truth. This is where she longingly hopes that some angel can recognise her sadness and empathise with it by taking her to a better place. There is still a sense of doubt in the word perhaps. The poem so far has seemed an extremely depressing one but in the final verse all negative lexis is changed to positive. The hope that an angel is watching has become a certainty. Yet saith a saint: take patience for thy scathe.' It is also repeated to emphasise that it is a definite certainty. The oxymoron true life is born of death tells us of how the real better life doesnt begin until death has come. The verse is all about life on earth being preparation for something better. The quote when new spring builds new heaven and clean new earth. is a reference to the part spring has played in the poem, and that this new spring is about more than just nature. This last line is the only one to break the pattern of the ten syllable iamtic pentametre that is used in the rest of the poem, and thus symbolising the change in the mood. I think that calling this poem depressing is a fair statement. I would not call it totally depressing because all this womans sadness is taken care of when she dies and her new life is a very happy one. The whole poem, save the last verse, has been about how she is isolated from everything and how sad everything is. For this it could be called depressing, but the last verse totally flips the poem around and ends with happiness. Therefore, this poem can only be called depressing to a certain extent.

Free Essays on Hinduism

Outline Working Titles: Hinduism Introduction: Hinduism is one of the world’s oldest major religions. It is referred to as Sanatan Ved Dharma, the eternal faith. It is a very complex religion with many controversies. I. The religion does not have any one founder, or any one doctrine to which arguments can be solved by. A. There is also no one point in time when the religion is believed to have begun. II. Hinduism believes that there is only one supreme god called Brahman. A. Hinduism is mostly associated with a multiplicity of Gods and it does not practice the worship of one particular deity. B. There are thousands of Gods and Goddesses in the Hinduism faith, all representing the many aspects of the Brahman. 1. Brahman is the 'impersonal' God, or the Universal Soul. III. There are a number of different rituals that are practiced in the Hindu faith. A. Nomenclature, or the naming of a child, is usually done on the 10th day after a child is born. 1. The priest performs the ceremony, summoning the blessings of Gods and Goddesses. IV. Marriage is a step towards spiritual perfection in the viewpoint of the Hindus. A. The parents of the bride and the groom arrange the marriage. B. The date and time of marriage is determined after consulting the almanac. C. Divorce is rarely used as a solution to a damaged marriage. D. Marriage is considered to be as much between families as between individuals; it is performed by having the bride and the groom walk around the sacrificial fire seven steps together. 1. Fire is seen as pure, and the light that it emits is symbolic of wisdom. 2. By holding the bride’s hands during the ceremony, the groom accepts his new wife’s responsibilities. E. Kissing does not occur anywhere in the ceremony, it takes place in privacy, for a personal relationship. V. There are different types of dietary restrictions, depending upon whether or not a Hindu is a vegetarian. A. If a Hindu is a... Free Essays on Hinduism Free Essays on Hinduism Outline Working Titles: Hinduism Introduction: Hinduism is one of the world’s oldest major religions. It is referred to as Sanatan Ved Dharma, the eternal faith. It is a very complex religion with many controversies. I. The religion does not have any one founder, or any one doctrine to which arguments can be solved by. A. There is also no one point in time when the religion is believed to have begun. II. Hinduism believes that there is only one supreme god called Brahman. A. Hinduism is mostly associated with a multiplicity of Gods and it does not practice the worship of one particular deity. B. There are thousands of Gods and Goddesses in the Hinduism faith, all representing the many aspects of the Brahman. 1. Brahman is the 'impersonal' God, or the Universal Soul. III. There are a number of different rituals that are practiced in the Hindu faith. A. Nomenclature, or the naming of a child, is usually done on the 10th day after a child is born. 1. The priest performs the ceremony, summoning the blessings of Gods and Goddesses. IV. Marriage is a step towards spiritual perfection in the viewpoint of the Hindus. A. The parents of the bride and the groom arrange the marriage. B. The date and time of marriage is determined after consulting the almanac. C. Divorce is rarely used as a solution to a damaged marriage. D. Marriage is considered to be as much between families as between individuals; it is performed by having the bride and the groom walk around the sacrificial fire seven steps together. 1. Fire is seen as pure, and the light that it emits is symbolic of wisdom. 2. By holding the bride’s hands during the ceremony, the groom accepts his new wife’s responsibilities. E. Kissing does not occur anywhere in the ceremony, it takes place in privacy, for a personal relationship. V. There are different types of dietary restrictions, depending upon whether or not a Hindu is a vegetarian. A. If a Hindu is a...

What Success Means and How College Will Contribute to the Academic, Scholarship Essay

What Success Means and How College Will Contribute to the Academic, Personal, and Professional Success - Scholarship Essay Example The researcher states that being successful can be said to be, an accomplishment that a person has been longing for and working for it for a very long time. For instance, when one is in high school or any other field of their specialty they work hard to reach their goals when these are achieved a person can say that they have succeeded through one stage of their life and they are ready for the other. Success can also mean that one is happy with the choices they have made in their life, and they are comfortable with themselves for those choices. Endicott College will enable gain the academic success. The author wants to major in accounting and finance. He knows that the school of business is going to enable him to achieve this since there is a serene environment to study where the classrooms are well configured therefore encouraging a lot of concentration. The teachers in the school are friendly in that they provide small groups that encourage the students to study together. They also guide them through the learning process through interacting with them face to face making learning easier. The college also encourages internship through the learning process which will enable the author put into practice what he has learned theoretically. Endicott College is going to enable the researcher successes not only academically but in his personal life. The author is a football player, if given a scholarship or a chance to join the college, he will a productive person in the community as a college, he will be a team player and encourage another student to be more participating and he will also help the community by doing social work through raising funds by playing football as the author is good at it. Through playing football the researcher will be a successful person because he will have a chance to grow in mind and in the way of his thinking. These will give the author an opportunity to play professional football in future which will in return help him make better choi ces through the good teamwork that is encouraged in the school through the coaches, students, and teachers.

Culture Assessement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture Assessement - Essay Example They should be fully aware of the need for such an assessment and that they agree to such a review. Aside from the commitment from the top level management, the other lower rank employees should also cooperate with the project. A certain degree of openness must be expected among all the participants who will be interviewed; thus, it is important that the objective of the assessment be relayed to all concerned to ensure the success of the culture assessment (Schein, 2004). A culture change initiative which I experienced happened when I was still working with a development bank. Unlike other banks, we were required to go to the office on Saturday mornings. This was the time devoted to short seminars, personality development programs or the like. Attendance was always a problem because we did not see the relevance of such seminars. We viewed the activity as a total waste of time. When the objectives of the program were explained clearly and its importance emphasized to us, everyone beca me more enthusiastic and attendance greatly improved. Furthermore, we were consulted on the topics that we want to be discussed so we became more interested. Most of us even looked forward to Saturday mornings. References Schein, E. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership. John Wiley and Sons.

Baroque and Classicism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Baroque and Classicism - Essay Example On the other hand, classicism in art is described as forms of artistic style during the late 15th century and defined as â€Å"a movement that can be defined by its attention to traditional forms concentrating on elegance and symmetry. It takes the art of the Greeks and Romans as its idea of perfection† (artrepublic). Using these definitions, the current discourse hereby aims to contrast two distinct works of art: the baroque art of Bernini, â€Å"Ecstasy of St. Teresa†, with the classicism of Poussin, â€Å"Discovery of Achilles on Skyros†. The â€Å"Ecstacy of St. Teresa† by Gian Lorenzo Bernini is reportedly found in the Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome (Khan Academy). Consistent with the characteristics and features noted from the definition of baroque art, the â€Å"Ecstacy of St. Teresa† exhibits the embodiment of movement, energy, intense spirituality and the apparent exemplified passions of the soul as could be viewed from th e facial expression of St. Teresa. The expressed flow of movement could be viewed from the intricate folds of St. Teresa’s clothes, as well as that which was worn by the angel. Since the scenario seemed to depict that the angel had just allegedly pierced St. Teresa’s heart with a spear, the image of St. Teresa was in a suspended motion that apparently vividly shows her point of ecstacy. Therefore, the art work effectively represented baroque in terms of the effectiveness of the artist in capturing the intense passion on the face of his subject, St. Teresa.

L. Pisonis Nut Oil Extraction

L. Pisonis Nut Oil Extraction The search for new crops to provide vegetable oils for use in the industry and also for human consumption is growing increasingly over the past two decades. A rapid search on Web of Science„ ¢ platform present more than 19200 results related to nuts, more than 7600 documents are related to edible oils, and more than 22000 results associated with vegetable oil. Additionally, the published items regarding vegetable oil increased from 282 in 1996, to more than 1930 in 2016 proving the growing interest by the scientific community in such field of study [1]. Several Brazilian seeds/nuts species, especially from the Amazonian area have been studied during the last years and most of them were shown to present bioactive compounds and also potential as functional foods [2]-[7]. Nevertheless, some other species are not well-known or were not summited to any further study to elucidate other characteristics. Lecythis pisonis Camb., a Lecythydaceae tree that grows in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela and in the Guyanas, commonly known as sapucaia provide nuts particularly similar with that of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa). The delicious edible kernels of sapucaia present a characteristic sweet flavor, being considered more digestible than Brazil nut [8]. In addition to the economic and ecological importance of sapucaia, often used to shade cocoa plantations in Brazilian agroforestry systems [9], the nuts from L. pisonis are a valuable source of macro and micronutrients, essential amino acids, minerals such as P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Mn, Ba, Zn, Fe, Sr, Cu, B, Al, and Cl [3], [10], and also fibers [11]. Furthermore, the sapucaia nuts constitute a relevant source of lipids, about 51-64% [5], [8], [10], [11], in which there is a predominance of the linoleic acid (essential fatty acid). Although sapucaia can be considered a potential crop to provide raw material for the production of vegetable oil, the available papers that studied the nuts have mostly focused on the mineral and fatty acid profile [3], [5], [10], [12], [13], and the latest reports are limited to some agronomic, microbial and pharmacological aspects [9], [14]-[17]. Vegetable oils are widely utilized in many applications such as food, cosmetic, pharmaceutics, and biofuel industries. Consequently, stability tests, rheological essays, phase transitions and other properties of the oils should be well characterized to optimize processing conditions and energy inputs [18], [19]. No reference has been found regarding the total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, thermal and rheological characterization of sapucaia nut oil. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the sapucaia nut oils extracted by Soxhlet and Bligh Dyer means and evaluated for their fatty acid composition, rheological behavior, and thermal properties by using DSC and TG/TGA analysis, total phenolic content, antioxidant properties and oxidative stability by Rancimat in addition to Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). 2.1 Chemicals Other reagents used in the experiments were of analytical grade. The aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water. 2.2 Samples Lecythis pisonis nuts were harvest from a crop area located in the city of Araguanà £, Maranhà £o State, Brazil. The nuts (Fig. 1) were dried in an air-circulating oven (Soc. Fabbe, Brazil) at 40  °C for 24 h. Nutshells were removed manually using a stainless steel knife and then submitted to freeze-drying (Liotop L101, Liobras, Brazil) to remove the residual moisture. Prior to the oil extraction, the nut samples were crushed for 30 s with the aid of a stainless steel knife grinder (MA630/1 Marconi Ltda., Brazil). 2.3 Extraction of nuts oils The oil content of L. pisonis nut samples was extracted by the Bligh Dyer method described in AOCS Ba 3-38 method, and also using n-hexane with Soxhlet apparatus (Vidrolabor ®, Labor Quimi, Brazil) according to American Oil and Chemical Society Official Method (1997). Oils were named LP1 and LP2, respectively. After the oil extraction, solvents were removed at 43  °C under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator (Model 801, Fisatom Ltda., Brazil). Samples were dried at 45  °C in an air circulating oven (Solab, Brazil) and then flushed with gaseous N2 before storage. The oils were kept in an amber glass and stored at -10  °C until further analysis. 2.4 Analytical determinations 2.4.1 Water content and apparent pH Water content was measured by volumetric Karl Fischer titration using a titration system (V30 Mettler-Toledo, Switzerland) [21]. The determination of the pH was performed according to Pena Muniz et al. (2015), as recommended by the Brazilian National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance without previous dilution of the oil, with the aid of a digital pH meter (Model PG1800 Gehaka) at 25  ± 2  °C. The results represent the mean of three measurements. 2.4.2 Measurement of fatty acid composition Fatty acid composition of fresh L. pisonis oils was investigated according to AOCS Official Method Ce 1a-13 [20] by using a GC-MS system (GC-2010) coupled to a mass spectrometer (GCMS-TQ8030) and automatic injection system by headspace (Shimadzu, Japan). Oil samples solubilized with hexane were methylated as described by AOCS Ce 2-66 and then injected into a capillary HP88 column (60 m ÃÆ'- 0.250 mm i.d., 0.2 ÃŽÂ ¼m film thickness, Agilent Technologies) using helium as carrier gas (0.64 mL/min). Oven temperature was programmed to be 175  °C (isothermal) and the detector was held at 250  °C. An aliquot of 1 ÃŽÂ ¼L of the sample was injected using the split injection mode (1:100). Fatty acid composition was expressed as the percentage of the total peak area of all the fatty acids in the oil sample. 2.4.3 Rheological studies Rheological measurements of oils were performed according to Teixeira et al. (2016), by using a Haake Mars II (Thermo Electron GmbH, Germany) rheometer connected to a thermostatic bath (Haake K15), a thermo-circulator water unit (Haake DC5B3) and a Peltier temperature control (Haake UTM Controller). A sensor cone-plate (C60/2  °Ti L) with a diameter of 60 mm and a cone angle of 2  ° was used. Samples remained in the rheometer for 5 min prior to analysis, and sampling was carried out in duplicate. The following measurements were performed: i) flow curve ( = 0.01-500 s-1, t = 300 s); ii) dynamic stress sweep (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 0.01-100 Pa, à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 1 Hz) and subsequent dynamic frequency sweep (à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 0.1-100 Hz, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 1.0 Pa); and iii) temperature sweep (T = 10-60  °C, t = 1440 s, 2  °C/min and 60-10  °C, t = 600 s, 5  °C/min; à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 1 Hz, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 1.0 Pa). Temperature sweeps were performed at a constant tension of 0.5% in the Linear Viscoelastic Region (LVR). The samples were covered by using a sample hood in order to avoid interference of the ambient temperature. The coefficient of determination (R2) and chi-square (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2) were chosen to evaluate the fit of the Ostwald-de Waele (Eq. (1)) and Herschel-Bulkley (Eq. (2)) models to the experimentally obtained flow curves: Ostwald-de Waele (OW) (1) à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = + ()nH Herschel-Bulkley (HB) (2) where à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ is the shear stress (Pa), is the shear rate (s-1), à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾0H is the HB yield stress (Pa), K and KH are the consistency index (Pa ·sn), and n and nH are the flow behavior indexes (dimensionless). The effect of the temperature on apparent viscosity was evaluated according to an Arrhenius type equation (Eq. (3)), using a shear rate of 53.4 s-1. (3) where is the apparent viscosity at a specific shear rate, is the preexponential factor, is the activation energy (J.mol-1), is the gas constant (8.31 J. K-1 . mol-1) and is the absolute temperature (K). 2.4.4 Oxidative Stability Index The oxidative stability index (OSI) was estimated in a Metrohm Rancimat model 743 (Herisau, Switzerland), following the American Oil Chemists Society Official Method Cd 12b-92 [20]. Briefly, increasing water conductivities were continually measured while air (20 L/h) was bubbled into the oil (3  ± 0.1 g) heated to 110  °C and their volatile compounds were collected in water. The time taken to reach the conductivity inflection time was recorded. IP was registered by Rancimat 743 PC Software 1.1. 2.4.5 Infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were determined by using a Vertex-70 spectrometer (Bruker, USA) with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory, at 25  °C. The oil samples were placed uniformly in the ATR crystal (1.5 mm active area). The FTIR spectra were recorded in the wavenumber range of 4000 to 600 cmˆ’1 with a spectral resolution of 4 cmˆ’1 [23]. 2.4.6 TG-TGA Thermal decomposition TGA analyses were performed in TGA 4000 equipment (PerkinElmer Inc. Waltham, USA). Oil sample (~10 mg) was placed into the platinum pan and then placed in a furnace. The sample was heated from 30 to 750  °C (10  °C/min) in the air atmosphere (70 mL/min flow rate) or under a nitrogen atmosphere. Data on the weight changes of oil samples were obtained from the Pyris„ ¢ software. TG and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves were further analyzed by using Origin 8.6 software (OriginLab, Massachusetts, USA). The thermal stability was measured from the extrapolated onset temperature of the first step of thermal decomposition from respective TG curves, by using the beginning and the peak temperature of the respective DTG peak, as the temperature limits of the data analysis software of the instrument. 2.4.7 DSC Analysis For DSC analysis, a DSC 8500 (PerkinElmer Inc. Waltham, USA) equipped with Pyris„ ¢ software was used. Nitrogen (99.99% purity, White Martins, Brazil) was the purge gas (20 mL/min). The DSC instrument was previously calibrated with Indium (m.p. 156.6  °C, ΆH = 28.45 J/g). The sample was weighed into an aluminum pan and sealed. An empty hermetically sealed aluminum sample pan was used as the reference. In order to reduce temperature gradients, the sample mass was kept small (~ 9.0 mg). The methodology applied was adapted from Zhang et al. (2013). For cooling and melting curves, the samples were first rapidly heated to 80  °C (30  °C/min) from room temperature and held for 10 min. Then, the samples were cooled to ˆ’80  °C (10  °C /min) and held for 10 min to make them fully crystallized, then heated to 80  °C (5  °C /min). To study the effect of the cooling rate on crystallization, samples were rapidly heated to 80  °C (30  °C/min) from room temperature to erase the crystallization memory, and held for 5 min, then the samples were cooled to ˆ’80  °C at the cooling rates of 2  °C/min, 5  °C/min and 10  °C/min, respectively. The cooling thermogram was recorded. For investigating melting profile of L. pisonis oils under isothermal crystallization, the samples were heated at 80  °C (30  °C/min) for 5 min and then cooled (100  °C/min) to a preset temperature (ˆ’10  °C, 0  °C, 10  °C, 20  °C), and hold at that temperature for 10 min for crystallization, then heated to 80  °C (5  °C/min). The melting thermogram was recorded. Pyris„ ¢ manager software was used to calculate the parameters of crystallization and melting, enthalpies, and the solid fat content (SFC) which was estimated based on the integrated area under the melting curve [25]. To measure the cloud point of the oils, the cooling curves at the rate of 2  °C/min were used. The cloud point was the onset temperature of the initial small exothermic peak on these cooling curves [26]. 2.4.8 Total phenolic compounds Contents of the total phenolic compounds (TPC) were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay in methanolic extracts of vegetable oils [27]using microplates technique [28],with gallic acid as a standard for the calibration curve. The absorbance at 720 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (Tecan Nanoquant Infinite ® M200, Tecan Trading AG, Switzerland) after reaction with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in the alkaline medium stand in the dark for 1 h. Contents of the TPC were expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of oil. 2.4.9 Antioxidant essays of the oil extracts The free radical scavenging evaluated by the DPPH assay was determined in triplicate using the method proposed byBrand-Williams et al., (1995). The absorbance at a wavelength of 517 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (Tecan Nanoquant Infinite ® M200, Tecan Trading AG, Switzerland). ABTS scavenging activity of oil extracts was determined in triplicate using the method described by Re et al., (1999). The absorbance at 734 nm was measured. The total antioxidant potential of the oil extracts was performed using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay [31]. Measurements were performed using the spectrophotometer at 593 nm. The absorbance of the samples was compared to a standard curve (100-1000  µmol/L) and results expressed in mmoL Trolox equivalent per g of oil [mmol TE/g]. All the essays had minor changes as proposed by Zielinski et al., (2016). The determinations were performed in triplicate. 2.5 Data analysis Origin 8.6 software (OriginLab, Massachusetts, USA) was employed to data treatment and graphs. Statistica 10.0 (Statsoft, Brazil) was used for statistical analysis, including means and standard deviations (SD). The experiments were carried out in triplicate. 3.1 Water content and apparent pH As expected for this type of raw material, sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis) oil (SO) samples presented very low water content, to be specific 0.077  ± 0.006 %, and 0.097  ± 0.006 % for LP1 and LP2, respectively. Regarding the apparent pH of SO, LP1 presented 5.720  ± 0.036 and LP2 showed a pH value of 5.353  ± 0.040. 3.2 Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties Concerning the content of phenolic compounds in SO, LP1 presented higher TPC content than LP2(Table 1). In this regard, SO present greater TPC content (1.418 mg GAE/100 g, average value) than almond oil (0.95 mg GAE/100 g), however, Brazil nut has twice the content of TPC (3.64 mg GAE/100 g) than sapucaia, and macadamia presents fifteen times more TPC (22.5 mg GAE/100 g) [33]. In general terms, the sample LP1 obtained by a cold extraction process showed better antioxidant characteristics than LP2. Natural antioxidants that might prevent biological systems from reactive oxygen species are generally present in vegetable oils as phenolic compounds, phytosterols, tocopherols (Vitamin E) and carotenoid compounds [34]. The results found by in vitro antioxidant assays present some variations that might be assigned to the different mechanisms in the analysis (Table 1). These assays are grouped in the electron-transfer category and there is some specificity among them. DPPH and ABTS radical cations have the same mechanism and present characteristic color which can be monitored by a spectrophotometer when the oil extract is mixed with a reactant solution and the reduced form of the radical shows a loss of color as a result of the donation of a hydrogen atom. Similarly, in the presence of antioxidants compounds, FRAP is characterized by electron transfer ability, tha t results in the reduction of iron ions [35] 3.3 Fatty acids profile Fourteen different fatty acids (FA) were identified in the studied SO (Table 2). The oils were composed predominantly of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (61-73%), in which 39.08-45.66% were monounsaturated (MUFA), and 21.95-27.63% were comprised of polyunsaturated (PUFA), such as linoleic and ÃŽÂ ±-linolenic acids, which have been proved to effectively reduce the risk of cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes [36]. Such FA profile is rather common for Brazilian edible nuts [5], [37], which reinforces the idea of consuming more nuts rich in fatty acids beneficial to human health, since the main commercial source of PUFA, such as à Ã¢â‚¬ °-3 and à Ã¢â‚¬ °-6 has been fish and fish fat [36]. Among the MUFAs, oleic was the major FA found in SO, ranging from 35.54-44.28% for LP2, and LP1, respectively. Important to note that oleic acid is the primary à Ã¢â‚¬ °-9 FA in the human diet, and it is the predominant MUFA in many oil nuts, totalizing, for example 38.50% in Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) [22], 65.59% in garampara (Dipteryx lacunifera) [5], 67.62% in tucumà £ (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) and 39.04% in cutia nut (Couepia edulis) [37]. Besides, the SO presented 21.65-27.19% of linoleic acid, an essential FA which presence in reasonable amounts is important for human health [38]. SO also contains two important cis-MUFA, the cis-Vaccenic and cis-11-Eicosenoic in amounts higher than 1.0%. With regard to the saturated fatty acids (SFA), it is noticed that they represented 25.01-37.25% of total FA, mainly palmitic (14.70-21.38%) and stearic (9.63-11.09%); likewise, other SFA such as myristic, heptadecanoic, and behenic were identified in smaller amounts. Arachidic acid, which is usually present in peanut oil was also found in SO in small quantities and the result is in agreement with Costa and Jorge (2012) who found about 0.22% C20:0 for L. pisonis oil. A similar pattern occurs for Brazil nut, which shows 0.36% arachidic acid, and 14.26% palmitic acid [22]. A good factor to evaluate the quality and digestibility of a vegetable oil can be obtained by the amount and composition of UFA and SFA. A high amount of linoleic acid in comparison to oleic acid (à Ã¢â‚¬ °-9) represents a better quality of the vegetable oil [5]. In this regard, the relationship between linoleic/oleic acids should be considered. The oils can present diverse values for this relationship depending on the extraction method. According to Table 3, the UFA/SFA ratio, as well as the linoleic/oleic ratio for sapucaia oils are lower to those found by [5] and [10], once their oils showed higher content of linoleic acid (Table 2). When compared to other Brazilian oleaginous nuts such as Brazil nut, garampara [5], and cutia nut [37] the unsaturation relationship values between linoleic and oleic acid were also quite different. 3.4 Oxidative Stability Index The oxidative stability index (OSI) is considered an important step in evaluating oil quality. The OSI was evaluated during Rancimat analysis until the end point of stability for SO samples and was expressed in hours. Experimental results confirmed that Bligh Dyer (13.28  ± 0.22 h), which is a cold extraction process, is a technique that causes less damage to the oil in comparison to Soxhlet (7.18  ± 0.50 h) which provided almost one-half of the OSI. The high oleic acid content in SO tends to protect the oil against thermo-oxidation. Costa and Jorge (2012) found 24.89 h of OSI (evaluation at 100  °C) for L. pisonis oil extracted by cold pressing. At the same Rancimat conditions used in this study, similar results were found for Brazil nut oil (8.24 h), hazelnut (8.88 h) and macadamia (7.38 h) [33]. 3.5 Thermal decomposition Thermogravimetric curve (TG) shows the mass loss, and the derivative thermogravimetric curve (DTG) shows the rate of mass loss of SO during thermal decomposition from 30 to 750  °C by TGA (Fig. 2). The values of mass loss are indicated in Table 4. The TG curves indicated that SO were thermally stable up to 303  °C with a mass loss of ~5%. This can be explained by the loss of moisture and volatile compounds in the oils. The oxidative process in vegetable oils is characterized initially by the oxidation forming secondary products (peroxides). The following phase corresponds to the decomposition of MUFA, mainly oleic acid and the polymerization of the substances remaining from the previous phase [39]. Dynamic and inert atmospheres cause different pattern in the TG/DTG profiles. The decomposition and carbonization processes in the air atmosphere occurred in three phases of the curve starting at around 130  °C, achieving about 53-58% mass loss at 405-440  °C, and ending at a temperature range of 611-625  °C, while for nitrogen atmosphere, the process showed two steps, initiating at ~160  °C, reaching 62-75 % mass loss at 426-435  °C, and finishing at 500  °C. DTG curves (Fig. 2) shows more clearly the steps of thermal decomposition. At the higher above-mentioned temperatures, the mass loss reached 100% (no residue remaining). The high UFA content in SO, mainly oleic and linoleic acid are related to be responsible for the occurrence of oxidative degradation reactions [22]. The high values of Ti (onset temperature) showed that SO have high thermal stability, being that the higher is the Ti of decomposition of the oil, the higher is the thermal stability. The results are similar to that of Brazil nut, which is thermally stable up to 209-220  °C and reaches a maximum mass loss of 97% at 580-602  °C [22], [39]. Differences between the thermal behaviors of SO can be related to the FA compositional differences, and also because of the presence of natural antioxidants which tends to protect the oils against oxidation, thus retarding the degradation [40]. 3.6 Thermal behavior for crystallization and melting 3.6.1 Temperature for crystallization and the influence of scanning rate In order to investigate the melting profile of SO under isothermal crystallization, previous tests were done. In one hand, the melting thermogram (Fig. 3 a, b) revealed that when frozen at -10  °C the oil samples showed endothermic peaks at -6.81  °C (LP1) and at -6.16  °C (LP2), with a enthalpy of 9.28 J/g for LP1 and 7.26 for LP2. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that there was no event afterward 0  °C, revealing that no crystallization occurs after that temperature. Such a feature may confirm the liquid state of the SO at room temperature (25  °C). During cooling, the oils exhibited two transitions. The thermograms showed that the position of the exotherms is dependent on the cooling rate, while the amount of the exotherms is independent on the cooling rate. In addition, increasing the cooling rate causes the crystallization peak temperature to shift to lower temperatures, the peak height and area increase (Fig. 3 c, d). This behavior may correspond to the differential crystallization of higher melting triacylglycerols (TAGs) firstly and lower melting TAGs secondly. Similar results are described for palm oil fractions [24]. The scanning rate of 2  °C/min reduces the lag in output response from the DSC instrument as well as preserves the minor peaks and reduces the smoothing tendencies, which occurred at a higher scanning rate; however, the first peak is too small when compared to the rate of 5  °C/min, which provided better resolution for the peak analysis in the Pyris„ ¢ software. 3.6.2 Cooling curve During cooling (Fig. 4a), SO presented a similar pattern of crystallization showing two distinct peaks (exothermic) in the crystallization behavior, namely peak 1 (PC1) and peak 2 (PC2). PC1 which indicates the change from liquid to solid was found in the temperature of -11.56 (LP1) and -12.51 (LP2), while the PC2 was observed in the temperature range of -59.80 to -73.93  °C, both related to the crystallization of TAGs. The crystallization onset temperature occurs at around -8.0  °C and this process extends over a range of 15-23  °C. The sum of the crystallization enthalpy of the two peaks for the two oils were -22.17 and -32.56 J/g for LP1 and LP2, respectively (Table 5). Heat is released during the phase transition of oil from liquid form to solid form; for this reason, values for crystallization enthalpy were negative [41]. Different endothermic and exothermic peaks are exhibited according to different contents of saturated or unsaturated TAG and FA present in the oils [42]. Smaller or shoulder peak are also correlated to the differing type of TAG. In addition, an inseparable shoulder peak which melts at the same temperature range comes from the complex nature of the TAG [43]. 3.6.3 Heating curve During melting, SO were found to be completely melted at 8.28  °C and 6.29  °C (LP1 and LP2, respectively) when heated at 5  °C/min (Fig. 4b). Moreover, LP1 showed a single major shoulder before the maximum melting peaks (PM) at -18.42  °C, while LP2 showed a major shoulder before PM (-21.47  °C) and an additional one, after the major peak at -6.61  °C. The melting curve of SO began at -25.77  °C (LP1), and -29.87  °C (LP2) and the major peak was observed in a temperature region varying between -7.99 to -10.13  °C, ending the events around -1.09 to -1.68  °C. The process comprises a melting range of 24-28  °C, with a melting enthalpy of 59.34 (LP1) and 64.76J/g (LP2) (Table 5). During heating treatment of oil, multiple endothermic regions are correlated to the separate melting events of the TAG. Furthermore, the composition and polymorphism of the oils can cause some overlapping effects, resulting in different shapes of the endothermic peaks [18]. The phase transitions are principally determined by the degree of heterogeneity in the composition of the oils, and include breaking/formation of hydrogen bonds, being a result of structural rearrangements in the chains of glycerides. [44]. 3.6.4 Cloud point The cloud point is referred as the temperature at which oil begins to cloud as a result as a result of the first stage of crystallization under controlled cooling, and it is related to the oils degree of unsaturation. The higher is the unsaturation of the oil, the lower the cloud point [26]. The cooling curves of sapucaia oils showed an initial small exothermic peak at -6.87  °C (LP1) and -7.00  °C (LP2). This peak corresponded to the first stage of crystallization and cloud point corresponded to the onset of crystallization. A second large exothermic peak at ˆ’49.95  °C (LP1) and -49.96  °C (LP2) with further cooling indicated the oil underwent an additional crystallization step. The same behavior was found for hazelnut oils, which presented the first small exothermic peak at -12.4  °C and a large one at -31.5  °C [26]. The lower cloud point of sapucaia oils was also a result of the lower content of SFA compared to the UFA. 3.6.5 Solid Fat Content The solid fat content (SFC) is considered an important physical property of lipids because it expresses their physical, sensorial, technological and protecting/release properties, and it affects physical properties such as consistency, spreadability, and stability [45]. According to the melting thermograms (Fig. 4b), SO presented no changes in SFC previously to -40  °C, so then the data analysis was performed in the range of -40 to 20  °C (melting peak region). The SFC showed less than 2.5% decrease between -40 to -30  °C for the two oils, and started to drop rapidly at around -20 up to 0  °C; then slowed down from 6 to 10  °C until there was no solid fat remaining (Fig. 5). The SFC is associated with the FA profile. Oils with higher content of UFA are easier to melt compared to ones with higher SFA [41], [45]. 3.7 Rheology properties 3.7.1 Steady state rheology The results for rheological behavior of SO shows that the apparent viscosity (ÃŽÂ ·) tends to decrease with increasing temperature (T) and also with increasing the shear rate (ÃŽÂ ³), indicating that the flow of the sapucaia oils is pseudoplastic (n > 1) (Table 6, 7 and Fig. 6). On the one hand, it is usual for oils to exhibit a dependency of T; on the other hand, a non-dependency of higher ÃŽÂ ³ is observed. At 50  °C, the ÃŽÂ · is almost constant throughout the entire range tested, with minimum influence of the ÃŽÂ ³. Furthermore, 2.0 s-1wasthe maximum value of ÃŽÂ ³ which induced major changes in ÃŽÂ · (see detail in Fig. 6, b and c). According to Gila et al. (2015), a greater amount of FAs such as C18:1 and C18:2 as the major components of the oils appear to make a great contribution to the flow behavior of oils. The experimental data fitted by Ostwald-de Waele (OW) and Herschel-Bulkley (HB) models (Fig. 6a, Table 6) showed a good fit (R2 > 0.999; à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 KH values decrease (Fig. 6e and Table 6). Similar observation for many edible oils such as coconut, sunflower, canola, corn [47] and olive oils [48] was reported. The OW model showed that the oils were non-Newtonian (n nH > 1) at 30 and 40  °C (Fig. 6f). The HB model is able to determine yield stress (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾0H), at which a material begins to deform plastically without returning to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. SO have small values for à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾0H which also tends to decrease with the increase of T. Fig. 7 shows the non

The Telescope Essay -- essays research papers

The telescope has changed the world greatly by being able to make distant objects appear closer and more distinct. It helped scientists to discover things that could not be seen by the naked eye. For example, a lot of things in space would have not been discovered if it were not for the telescope. Also, it helped the world of eyesight. It would not only let you see objects from far away, it would also help you see if you had a problem with it. It could also be used for other things: hunting, war, and making new discoveries. What would the world be like without the telescope?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t know what the world would be like, but I some very good reasons why it was good that the telescope was created. Before there was the telescope people had to make discoveries by judgment. They were not very accurate discoveries. They also had to just use the naked eye when they would have to use the naked eye when looking at distant objects that could have been easily seen by the telescope. The telescope was one of the main instruments of what has been called the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. It revealed unsuspected phenomena in the heaves and had a profound influence on the controversy between followers of the traditional astronomy, the cosmos, and those who favored the naked eye. It was the first extension of man’s senses and demonstrated that ordinary observers could see things that Aristotle had not dreamed of. It therefore helped shift authority in the observation of nature from men to instruments. In short, it was the prototype of modern scientific instruments. But the telescope was not the invention of scientists; rather, it was the product of craftsmen. For that reason, much of it’s origin is inaccessible to us since craftsmen were by large illiterate and therefore historically often invisible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the magnifying and diminishing properties of the convex and concave transparent objects was known in Antiquity, lenses, as we know them, were introduced in the West at the end of the thirteenth century. Glass of reasonable quality had become relatively cheap and in the major glass-making centers of Venice and Florence techniques for grinding and polishing glass had reached a high state of development. Now one of the main problems faced by aging scholoars could be solved. With age, the ey... ...e-maker’s on the Pont Neuf in Paris, and four months later there were several in Italy. We know that Thomas Harriot observed the mon with a six-powered spyglass in early August in 1609 but it was Galileo who made the instrument famous. He constructed the first spyglass in June or July of 1609, presented an eight-powered instrument to the Venentian Senate in August, and turned a twenty-powered instrument to the heavens on October or November. With this instument he oberserved the moon, discovered four satellites of Jupiter and resolved nebular patches into stars. This was just the beginning of many discoveries by the telescope.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you can see, the telescope has changed the world greatly. Not just by using the telescope for all it’s uses, but also to encourage people to invent and discover things. As I stated before, it was one of the first big scientific discoveries of the Seventeenth century. So I will ask you again, what would the world be like without the telescope? Would we have discovered so many things without it? It is a good thing that it had been invented or we would have a very restricted look on life and everything around us out there. The Telescope Essay -- essays research papers The telescope has changed the world greatly by being able to make distant objects appear closer and more distinct. It helped scientists to discover things that could not be seen by the naked eye. For example, a lot of things in space would have not been discovered if it were not for the telescope. Also, it helped the world of eyesight. It would not only let you see objects from far away, it would also help you see if you had a problem with it. It could also be used for other things: hunting, war, and making new discoveries. What would the world be like without the telescope?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t know what the world would be like, but I some very good reasons why it was good that the telescope was created. Before there was the telescope people had to make discoveries by judgment. They were not very accurate discoveries. They also had to just use the naked eye when they would have to use the naked eye when looking at distant objects that could have been easily seen by the telescope. The telescope was one of the main instruments of what has been called the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. It revealed unsuspected phenomena in the heaves and had a profound influence on the controversy between followers of the traditional astronomy, the cosmos, and those who favored the naked eye. It was the first extension of man’s senses and demonstrated that ordinary observers could see things that Aristotle had not dreamed of. It therefore helped shift authority in the observation of nature from men to instruments. In short, it was the prototype of modern scientific instruments. But the telescope was not the invention of scientists; rather, it was the product of craftsmen. For that reason, much of it’s origin is inaccessible to us since craftsmen were by large illiterate and therefore historically often invisible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the magnifying and diminishing properties of the convex and concave transparent objects was known in Antiquity, lenses, as we know them, were introduced in the West at the end of the thirteenth century. Glass of reasonable quality had become relatively cheap and in the major glass-making centers of Venice and Florence techniques for grinding and polishing glass had reached a high state of development. Now one of the main problems faced by aging scholoars could be solved. With age, the ey... ...e-maker’s on the Pont Neuf in Paris, and four months later there were several in Italy. We know that Thomas Harriot observed the mon with a six-powered spyglass in early August in 1609 but it was Galileo who made the instrument famous. He constructed the first spyglass in June or July of 1609, presented an eight-powered instrument to the Venentian Senate in August, and turned a twenty-powered instrument to the heavens on October or November. With this instument he oberserved the moon, discovered four satellites of Jupiter and resolved nebular patches into stars. This was just the beginning of many discoveries by the telescope.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you can see, the telescope has changed the world greatly. Not just by using the telescope for all it’s uses, but also to encourage people to invent and discover things. As I stated before, it was one of the first big scientific discoveries of the Seventeenth century. So I will ask you again, what would the world be like without the telescope? Would we have discovered so many things without it? It is a good thing that it had been invented or we would have a very restricted look on life and everything around us out there.