The Death Of Genocide The Annihilation Of Minorities Essay

Genocide is the systematic mass murder of an ethnic, race, religious, or national group based on discriminatory preconceptions (Payne 33). The heart of genocide is destruction: the annihilation of minorities. Minorities have always been the scapegoat for most governments in times of crisis or when the government has been mismanaged. Minorities are even considered non-human. The annihilation of a specific target group does raise to question why and how this would be carried out. A genocide happens due to external and internal factors that contribute to target a specific group. Some external factors: colonialism exploitation and manipulation, post-colonial upheaval, high geographical isolation and low external reaction to internal genocide. Some internal factors: non-democratic government, toxic ideologies viewing minorities as threats, decline in state power and high levels of diversity (Kinloch). Genocides have made world headlines and have changed the ways the global communities app roach this type of mass killing. Post World War I, the global community made a big step towards holding individuals responsible for mass killings such as genocide in the Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of War and the Enforcement of Penalties at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. This document was highly supported by Great Britain and France to prosecute those individuals who were accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity, but was opposed by the United States, Italy, andShow MoreRelatedThe Muslim Genocide that Took Place in Europe663 Words   |  3 PagesGenocide Research Paper â€Å"I swore never to be silent whenever and wherever human beings endure suffering and humiliation. We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented†(Wiesel). Just like Elie Wiesel mentioned, one must never remain silent when such atrocities are occurring. Although there may be times where one feels powerless to injustices there should never be a time where one fails to protest. Silence is theRead Moreâ€Å"There Is No Doctor Who Can Heal Me. But I Know That A1615 Words   |  7 Pagessicker than I am. He is crazy in the head because he believed in killing people. He believed in starving children. We both have the horror in our heads.-- Upon the death of Khmer Rouge leader, Pol Pot, in 1998, quoted in The Times. The Cambodian genocide is the greatest injustice. Between the years of 1975-1979, complete annihilation happened inside the nation of Cambodia. A socialist named Pol Pot had assumed c ontrol over the administration with his armed force, Khmer Rouge, and was persuaded thatRead More The Holocaust and the Cambodian Genocide: Similar or different? How about Both?880 Words   |  4 Pagesentire society. Each and every genocide has the same core principles, but a distinct face. A dictator takes over a weak country with promises of returning it to its former glory, once he has everyone’s support, he implements extremely discriminatory laws and finds reasons to kill anyone who dares oppose him. The Holocaust and the Cambodian genocides are remarkably similar, and yet strikingly different. The Holocaust was an attempt to wipe out all Jews and other minorities such as gypsies and handicappedRead MoreDistinguishing Qualities And Connecting Them To Jews, Like1401 Words   |  6 Pagesdistinguishing qualities and connecting them to Jews, like hooked noses. This, of course, leads into stage five. Stage five is organization. Stanton writes that â€Å"Genocide is always organized, usually by the state, often using militias to provide deniability of state responsibility.† The emphasis on the supremacy of the â€Å"Aryan race† and the German worker is depicted in the picture to the right with the strong Aryan man standing above individuals who are deemed inferior, such as intellectuals orRead MoreThey Often Use Euphemisms To Cloak Their Intentions, Such1632 Words   |  7 Pagesanti-Semitic children’s books on the â€Å"poisonous Jew.† Stage number eight is Persecution. This step includes where â€Å"victims are identified and separated out because of their ethnic or religious identity.† Stanton also mentions that, Death lists are drawn up. In state sponsored genocide, members of victim groups may be forced to wear identifying symbols. Their property is often expropriated. Sometimes they are even segregated into ghettoes, deported into concentration camps, or confined to a famine-struck regionRead MoreEssay on Recognizing the Armenian Genocide1266 Words   |  6 PagesThe Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, was the organized killing of Armenians. While there is no clear agreement on how many Armenians lost their lives, there is general agreement among Western scholars that over a million Armenians may have perished between 1914 and 1918. It all happened during the Ottoman Empire, present-day Turkey, where 2 million Armenians lived. The Armenian Genocide is the second-most studied massacre, after the Holocaust. To date Twenty-two countriesRead MoreMass Media, Legislation And Education Play Critical Roles Essay715 Words   |  3 Pages3/3/15 Paper #3 Mass media, legislation and education play critical roles in times of conflict, deculturalization, and state-sponsored mass violence against civilians. During the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, members of Hutu power founded the radio station, RTLM, which encouraged violence against the rival Tutsi minority and had a significant impact on participation in killings by both militia groups and ordinary civilians. By spreading propaganda via broadcasts, music, news reports and comedy routinesRead More The Holocaust Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagessystematic plan of mass annihilation. As many as six million Jews died, almost two-thirds of the Jews of Europe. Although the Holocaust took place during World War II, the war was not the cause of the Holocaust. The war played a role in covering up the genocide of the Jewish people. How could this have happened? The answers can be found by understanding how violence of this magnitude can evolve out of prejudice based on ignorance, fear, and misunderst anding about minority groups and other groupsRead MoreGenocide: Inhumanity in Our World Essay1708 Words   |  7 PagesGenocide is one of the most evil moral crimes any ruling authority such as a government can commit against its people. A general definition of ‘Genocide’ is the intention to destroy or murder people because of their race, beliefs, or even political and economic status. Legal expert, Raphael Lemkin, created the term ‘Genocide’ 1944. Lemkin, a Polish Attorney, combined the ancient Greek word ‘genos’ which means race and the Latin word ‘cide’ which translates to killing. There are many examples ofRead MoreConditions of the Concentration Camps During the Holocaust Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pagesexterminate the Jewish race from all of Europe (Hunt 864). After gathering the Jews from their â€Å"ghettos† and forcing them into concentration camps all across Europe, Hitler and his Nazi advocates began one of the most destructive and horrifying genocide s in history, known today as the Holocaust. Only after being introduced to the conditions of these concentration camps, the hatred and abuse put towards the Jewish, and the gruesome lifestyle they were trapped into living can one understand why the

Critical Thinking and Evaluation of Sources - 1038 Words

Critical Thinking and Evaluation of Sources Critical thinking is learning to think for yourself and to develop your own independent opinions, backed by sound reasoning and support. It is learning to drop the role of passive student and to assume the role of a self reliant thinker and researcher. Critical thinking enters into important decisions in your daily life and affects your growth process in school and work. The term critical thinking describes the deliberate thinking that helps you to decide on what to believe and how to act. It helps you examine a problem or issue from many angles to arrive at the best possible solution. Critical thinking is by no means restricted to academic matters. At certain points in our lives, we face†¦show more content†¦Remain open to new or stronger ideas. Withhold judgment until you are sure. Evaluate for yourself the opinions of authorities. Ask questions for clarification when speaking with someone who holds opposing views. Avoid stereotyped thinking. When doing research for college courses, apply critical thinking techniques when designing your search and evaluating materials found in books and journals related to your search. In many cases, students are taught only where and how to find information and the mechanics of writing a research paper (how to use the results of research in a coherent paper). Students also must learn how to evaluate various sources of information in order to have a research paper which is balanced in terms of scholarly resources and general interest articles. Scholarly resources are usually focused on a particular subject area and can include such titles as the Journal of Advertising, Journal of the American Medical Association, Journal of Basic Writing, etc. General interest titles might include Newsweek, Time, U.S. News and World Report, etc. Authors of scholarly articles are experts in their field of study and generally write articles in one subject area. The authors at Time magazine write a variety of articles on various subjects.. One week they may write an article on a new AIDS treatment, and later an article on United States foreign policy. These writers are not usually experts in a particular subject. WhenShow MoreRelatedEvaluation Of Sources And Argumrnts On Developing Critical Thinking Skills860 Words   |  4 Pageshave used methods of analysis and evaluation of sources and argumrnts to develop critical thinking skills. Though I have made some progress in appropriate documentation and essay oragnization areas, I have work to do to come to a full understanding of grammar, mechanics and sufficient content use in my essays . At the beginning of this cource, we have learned how to use different writing syles such as MLA. Moreover, we have learned how to cite credidet sources to support the arguments and majorRead MoreEssay about Critical Thinking: Evaluation1572 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Evaluation of an Academic Source Odetta Rodriguez Capella University Critical Evaluation of an Academic Source This paper is a summary of critical evaluation of the suitability of an article as an academic source. The title of the article is Critical Thinking: An Extended Definition. The author, Professor Ken Petress, analyzes various definitions of critical thinking and provides his definition of the concept as well. It is vitallyRead MoreWhat Are Your Opinions About?1224 Words   |  5 PagesI remember a number of occasions during my early years when I would try to argue with my mother, and in my mother tongue, she would repeatedly say the same words; words that loosely translate to the English language as â€Å"invest a few moments in â€Å"thinking†; it will pay good interest. I never really understood what my mother’s words meant, until a few years ago when I realized that she had been advising me to think critically. In our world today, arguments or discussions about one’s point of view withRead MoreEssay about Self-Reflection: Writing Composition1410 Words   |  6 Pagesevaluate my sources, nor did I ever take the time to fully understand the prompt. It was not until my first semester of college, in my writing composition course, I realized that I had a lot of work ahead of me to be as good a writer as I thought I was. In the writing course, the students were required to compose several essays using different methods to help progress on the course objectives. The work in this portfolio demonstrates that I have used the methods of synthesis and evaluation of sources to advanceRead MoreReflection About Self Reflection1343 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom elementary school to highschool I have always found it easy to write. With that in mind, I came into this class thinking that I was gonna float right through it and it would be easy. I never had though about how much more there was to learn and how much I could improve my writing. I have learned many valuable skills such as researching credible information, using critical thinking and rhetori cal strategy, writing mechanics, analyzing and disproving counter-arguments, addressing specific audiencesRead MoreCritical Thinking Application1030 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Thinking Application Paper Introduction Think deeply! Think and keep thinking. Still, not everyone who thinks or thinks deeply is actually critical thinking. You can be highly intelligent or have vast knowledge but that doesn’t mean that you can think critically. Using intelligence and knowledge to reach one’s rationale viewpoint and objective in what a critical thinker does. The opinions and beliefs of a critical thinker stand on firmer ground. Better decisions and problems solvingRead MorePhl 320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business Complete Class996 Words   |  4 PagesPHL 320 Critical Thinking and Decision Making in Business Complete Class https://homeworklance.com/downloads/phl-320-critical-thinking-decision-making-business-complete-class/ PHL 320 Week 1 Critical Thinking Discussion and Summary Participate in a class discussion by responding to the following questions: †¢ How would you define critical thinking? What makes a person a critical thinker? †¢ Why is critical thinking important? Provide an example of how critical thinking has helped you inRead MoreCritical Thinking And Core Self Reflective Learning1424 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Thinking and Core Self Reflective Learning: A Personalised Perspective Bradley Graham ABSTRACT The application of critical thinking and self-evaluation is limitless as it can be applied to everything simply by answering the following questions: What did I do? How did I do it? How could I do it better? And what would I do differently in the future to improve? Because of this critical thinking and self-reflective learning is essential in the development of an individuals self and skillsRead MoreCritical Thinking Is An Important Asset Of Individuals1384 Words   |  6 PagesCritical thinking is an important asset of individuals in all career fields. Though the application of the concept is not limited to professionals and leaders, it is most often associated with professional business people and leaders. As a strategic leadership student, I recognize the importance of being a critical thinker. The ability to make the most effective strategic plans, identify conflicts and determine the best resolution, choose the path toward objectives and motivate followers to achieveRead Mo reAbp Assignments1021 Words   |  5 PagesAssessment Criteria Assessment criteria detail’s is as follows: To achieve aDistinction grade candidates must: | demonstrate an outstanding level of achievement†¢ high level of critical analysis and evaluation†¢ broad and deep understanding of current research, knowledge and issues in the area of study†¢ highly original thinking†¢ exceptional clarity of complex ideas, with excellent coherence andlogic†¢ excellent presentation†¢ comprehensive understanding and application of research techniques†¢ very clearly

Vinca plants Free Essays

The experiment is to take 4 Vinci plants, which are about the same size, health, and flowering stages and find out which one will grow the best. Each of the plants will have 75 ml of a liquid dally for 10 days. My Grandma bought them from Loses on September 20, 2011 for me. We will write a custom essay sample on Vinca plants or any similar topic only for you Order Now Breakdown of the plants are as follows: Control plant will get tap water. Plant A will get Milk from the refrigerator. Plant B will get Lou Ana Pure Vegetable 011. Plant C will get sweet tea. We made up a pitcher Just for the experiment, so that It s the same every day. Experiment: Every day for 10 days put in 75 ml of liquid of a specific liquid into each plant and see which one will grow the best. Hypothesis: I think the one with milk is going to grow best of the three, not including the control. Milk is good for the body and I think it could also be good for plants. Day Before The Experiment Began: Mom got the plants for me from Loses the day before so they were fresh. Also will need 4 Styrofoam plates, 4 equal size containers for the liquids, masking tape, permanent markers, camera, and ruler. 1 . Take the plants to area they are going to e entire time. For me it was the covered lanai in the back of our house. 2. Put Styrofoam plates and place one under each plant – prevents cross contamination and keeps the table clean. 3. Get roll of masking tape and a permanent marker. 4. Cut tape into 4 equal strips. 5. Mark each strip with name and put on plant. 6. Collect the four containers for the liquids. 7. Put in 1st container water from the tap and put lid on it. In 2nd container, poured in 4 cups of milk, in 3rd container made up sweet tea and poured in 4 cups, and in final container poured in 4 cups of vegetable oil. Water and oil containers remained on the counter, and the milk and tea containers were in the refrigerator. Day Of The Experiment: I decided to measure and water my plants before school in the morning and early on the weekends. 1. Day one, I then took pictures of each plant. 2. Then I measured each plant and wrote down the sizes in my Journal. 3. With a measuring cup, I measure out ml (1/C) of each liquid and pour it into the proper plant. I rinse out the glass cup in between each type of liquid. 4. I Jot down observations on the plants each day in a Journal. 5. I also look at the newspaper to e accurate on the temperatures for the day before and note it in the Journal, along with any weather (like rain, clouds, etc). 6. Repeat steps 1 thru 3 for the next 10 days. September 21, 2011 Day 1 of the Experiment: Observations: All four plants are new, very healthy and have many flowers in different stages of opening. Plants are in original container with Styrofoam plates under them so there is no cross contamination. Plants are in the covered porch area to keep from getting wet from any rain so they will not be contaminated by rain water. Get sun all afternoon. We took pictures and measurements of plants, as seen below. Control Plant – Water 9†³ tall Plant A- Milk Plant tall Plant C – Sweet Tea 8†³ tall 94/72 Very Sunny! All plants are the same height as yesterday. All still look very healthy. The water, sweet tea and milk plant were dry on the bottom today – oil was very wet. It had a good pool on plate. Flowers still look good on all. It was very sunny in the morning, warm and had a lot of rain in the afternoon. Control Plant – Water 9 h†Ã¢â‚¬  tall Plant C- Sweet Tea 8†³ tall 90/73 September 23, 2011 Day 3 of the Experiment: sweet tea, and milk plant were dry on the bottom today – oil was very wet. It had a good pool on plate. We had to dump out so it did not run all over the table. Flowers still look good on all – I am surprised. Had some sun before it rained. 91/72 September 24, 2011 Day 4 of the Experiment: plate NASTY!! It was full of stinky pond type scum. My mom made me change the plate because it stank and was worried about the small bugs flying around the plant. Oil and tea plants are okay. All plants are very moist. All plants still look okay. Pictures taken this morning to show new look. It was cloudy most of the day. Forecast calls for rain all weekend. 0 Control Plant – Water 10†³ tall Plant B -Oil 8 h† tall Plant C- Sweet Tea 9†³ tall 92172 September 25, 2011 Day 5 of the Experiment: They all look the same. Milk plant really stinks – small bugs flying around it. Cloudy most of the day. Plant A- Milk 9†³ tall Plant 8 w tall Plant C- Sweet Tea 8 h† tall 90/72 September 26, 2011 Day 6 of the Experiment: The milk plant stinks and there are bugs flying around it and the flowers are falling off. All others look okay. 0 Plant A -Milk 8 withal Plant B -Oil 8 w tall Plant C -Sweet Tea 8 h† tall 92/70 September 27, 2011 Day 7 of the Experiment: Milk plant really STINKS-there is a foam like scum that comes out after giving it a rink. The flowers are dying and falling off. Leaves not so big, plant looks worse today-leaves look less green than the others. The milk plant is SHRINKING!!!!!!!! Control Plant – Water 10 h† tall Plant A- Milk 7 h† tall Plant 8†³ tall Plants-sweetmeat 7†³ tall September 28, 2011 Day 8 of the Experiment: The control plant is doing The milk plant is The oil plant is kind slouchy. Sweet tea plant doing fine. Plant A- Milk 7†³ tall Plant B -Oil 7 h† tall September 29, 2011 Day 9 of the Experiment: The control plant is the only one doing good. All others are dying. Leaves all crinkled, plants leaning over. Milk plant still stinks. Gave it new plate hoping some of the bugs would go away. Cannot tell if others stink. Plant B -Oil 7 w tall 90/68 September 30, 2011 Day 10 of the Experiment: Milk plant is disgusting. It smells so bad that my grandma threw up when moving it this morning. Had to move plants away from the door – smell was too gross! New pictures of the plants were taken. All plants except control are dying. Leaves all crinkled all leaning over and the flowers are dying. Control plant looks great. Plant B -Oil 7†³ tall 90/67 All of the plants, except the control plant, are definitely dying. Apparently, you should never give plants anything but water. The dying plants have wilted leaves and the flowers are all crumpled up. The dying plants have all shrunk in size. The control plant is healthy green and tall. Plant A- Milk 6†³ tall Plant 6 h† tall Plant C -Sweet Tea 6 h† tall CONCLUSION OF MY EXPERIMENT: The only plant that did well was the one with plain water. My hypothesis was wrong. The milk plant did the worst by far! If I was to do this experiment again, I would never, and I mean never, pick milk as one of the liquids. I would like to try some more different liquids, like tap water with oracle grow (fertilizer) and made Cool-Aid, because it is basically water with sugar and food coloring. I would like to see if plant does well with Cool-Aid because it is almost all water and would like to know if the food coloring would change the color of the plant/flowers. I would like to run this experiment in the summer time when it is hotter and they would get more sunlight. Wonder if the failed plants would have died faster in hotter temperatures or if they would have fared better. My other thought on liquids was the try Coca-Cola as one of the liquids. How to cite Vinca plants, Papers

Science Of Successful Organizational Change-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Science Of Successful Organizational Change? Answer: Introducation The change in an Organizationis the process by which the organization tends to changes their structure, methods of operations, strategies, technology that and the culture of the organization that can eventually affect the various changes within the organization and can also effects the changes in the organization (Gibbons, 2015). The change in the Organization is mainly continuous and occurs for a distinct period. This essay illustrates the various changes the organization develops to get success. The changes in the organizational structure are the study of interdisciplinary methods that are drawn from the discrete fields of psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and management (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). The Carnegie always views the change in the organization, as developed in the late ninetieth century. The source of studying has always been the focus of the stabilization and change in an organization (Gibbons, 2015). There are several theories that were introduced by them to study the change in the organization very vividly. The theory that focuses on the failure-induced changes that were very simple (Benn, Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). The organization changes are the core structure for changing the effectiveness of the workers. For every enterprise, change is an essential part. Therefore, to bring in a proper change in the organization, it is very important for the organization to have proper and direct form of communication among the administrator and the employees. There should be transparency among the counterparts. There can be a possibility that the workers do not agree to the change that the organization wants. Ther5fore, it shows that the employees are culturally rigid and do not want to change. However, in this case, it is very important for the organization to aware their employees about the possible benefits of the change. Organizational changes may occur when the company makes the transition from their current state for some of the desired state in the future (Schultz, Mattor Moseley, 2016). While managing the organizational change it is very important to plan and implementing the various changes in the organizations in such a way that they can be helpful to minimize the resistance of the employee and the cost to the organization, when they are major incresing the effectiveness of the efforts of change (Schultz, Mattor Moseley,2016). The changes that are initiated by the organizations have arise due to the problems that are faced by the company. Some of the cases, it has been observed that there are i9mpetues and enlightened form of leaders who can essentially recognize and then later tend to take advantage of the situations that are dormant in the organization. There are often change in the identity seen in the Students in order to critically analyze them. The areas that are of course related to the companies are often must be attempted to the institute of the changes in all the areas when they have to attempt for making the changes in one (Greenwood, Hinings Jennings, 2015). The initial area for the strategic change generally takes place on a very large scale (Gibbons, 2015). This can happen when the company somehow shifts their resources for entering the new form of business on a small-scale structure. Several changes in the technologies are often introduced as the component of the larger form of changes in the strategies, although they often take place by themselves (Gibbons, 2015). The important form of aspect of changing the technology is determining who in the organization will be threatened by the change. For being successful in the field of technology, the change must be involved into the overall system of the company (Gibbons, 201 5). There are several structural changes that may occur due to the changes in the strategy for the as there are various cases that have been developed by the company. The company itself decides whether they will acquire any form of the business and will integrate them as the operational form of changes in the styles of the management. For instance, when the companies have wished for implementing the participative form of decision making that also might need the changes for the hierarchical structures. Starting with two forms of platforms that have no tactical form of intervention that can effectively fix a flawed form of strategy and that of most of what is written about leading change is tactical, that are commonly observed as a strategy. The Governance and the risks of Psychology observe some of the major pitfall that have been the realm of where the math meets the people (Lozano, 2013). It has also been observed that the decision-making in the Complicated and Ambiguous Environment, introduces two important tools for decision making and discusses the human side of analytics. The tactics that are based on the changes are a much better traveled for of territory than the change strategy. The Change in the management will always be very well defined as the continuous form of process of renewing the direction towards the organization for serving the permanent form of needs for the external and the internal customers (Moran and Brightman, 2014). As referred by Burnes (2014) there are several change is the feature that are always present in the life of the organization at both the level of operation and the level of strategic enhancement. During the change in an organization, it is very essential for the managers to have a proper communicate about the actual reasons for the change and about the processes that are needed to make the changes (Lozano, 2013). For instance, if the team of management regards for the implementation of the specific procedure that will help in the improvement of the production of the particular workforce, they will obviously require a large amount of initial form of labor for getting the new sort of procedure. up and running, they should be able to communicate that why there are changes in the procedure is necessary (Gibbons, 2015). However, if the staff understands why there is a change that is taking place, they will be more likely to agree with thedifferent forms of implementationand observes the importance of the change (Benn Dunphy Griffiths, 2014). Proper form of training and education are the essential form of features that the f employees should have for the understanding and then adapting to the changes in the workplace. However, when there are new forms the processes are put into the places, the employees will obviously be very much unfamiliar with the different process and how these plans will be fitting in the daily workflow (Gibbons, 2015). However, the main changes that happen inside the workplace is that some of the employees may experience discomfort about the ongoing change, especially towards these employees and they are mostly affected by the form of change. It is highly useful for some employees to have the program that are established throughthe human resources that holds the responsibility for helping them to adapt to the new form of changes (Anderson, 2016). Researches provide various steps for managing the successful form of changes that are to be monitoring that how the changes are playing out of the organization (Anderson, 2016). This process can be performed by observing the several form of historical data and examining them that how the employees of the organizations areperformingwith the absolute change that are compared to how they were performing in the past. Additionally there is management that will want to monitor how the change is actually affecting the overall process of production (Anderson, 2016). However, if the changes are not improving the procedure after the initial implementation, the management may generate various procedures through which the changes can be successful. It is very much evident from the above essay that the change has always been present as the element that can always affects all the organizations (Anderson, 2016). Therefore, it is very important for the successful management for having a change in the required skills and planning in the organization. However, there are various forms of changes in the structure of the management of the organization that have currently tend to be very reactive, discontinuous and for the ad hoc with a failure that have been reported about 70 percent of all change program initiated (Balogun and Hope Hailey, 2014). In order for constructing the framework, it is highly recommended that the further studies that are exploratory for the nature of the changes and how they are being managed should be formally conducted. These studies are there to identify the critical success of the factors that are needed for the change in the management. The essay also suggests that there are several methods that are there f or measuring the success of the change in the organization management and it should be designed in such a manner that it can evaluate the main importance of any new form of frameworks that are suggested. References Al-Haddad, S., Kotnour, T. (2015). Integrating the organizational change literature: a model for successful change.Journal of organizational change management,28(2), 234-262. Anderson, D. L. (2016).Organization development: The process of leading organizational change. Sage Publications. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability. Routledge. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015).Making sense of change management: A complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Gibbons, P. (2015).The Science of Successful Organizational Change: How Leaders Set Strategy, Change Behavior, and Create an Agile Culture. FT Press. Greenwood, R. G., Hinings, C. R., Jennings, P. D. (2015). Sustainability and organizational change: An institutional perspective.Leading Sustainable Change: An Organizational Perspective, 323-55. Jacobs, G., van Witteloostuijn, A., Christe-Zeyse, J. (2013). A theoretical framework of organizational change.Journal of Organizational Change Management,26(5), 772-792. Kickert, W. J. (2014). Specificity of change management in public organizations: Conditions for successful organizational change in Dutch ministerial departments.The American Review of Public Administration,44(6), 693-717. Kjeldsen, A. M., Ovesen, M. S. (2015). Open Conference Systems A Qualitative Study of Distributed Leadership in Organizational Change Processes. Kossek, E. E., Hammer, L. B., Kelly, E. L., Moen, P. (2014). Designing work, family health organizational change initiatives.Organizational dynamics,43(1), 53. Lozano, R. (2013). Are companies planning their organisational changes for corporate sustainability? An analysis of three case studies on resistance to change and their strategies to overcome it.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(5), 275-295. Maheshwari, S., Vohra, V. (2015). Identifying critical HR practices impacting employee perception and commitment during organizational change.Journal of Organizational Change Management,28(5), 872-894. Martin-Sardesai, A., Irvine, H., Tooley, S., Guthrie, J. (2017). Organizational change in an Australian university: Responses to a research assessment exercise.The British Accounting Review. Schultz, C. A., Mattor, K. M., Moseley, C. (2016). Aligning policies to support forest restoration and promote organizational change.Forest Policy and Economics,73, 195-203. Shah, N., Irani, Z., Sharif, A. M. (2017). Big data in an HR context: Exploring organizational change readiness, employee attitudes and behaviors.Journal of Business Research,70, 366-378. van den Heuvel, M., Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B. (2014). How psychological resources facilitate adaptation to organizational change.European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology,23(6), 847-858.

Christina Rossetti Essay Example

Christina Rossetti Paper Christina Rossetti was born in London, England on the 5th December 1830. She was of Italian origin, although she never visited Italy and spent her whole life in England. Her father, before moving to England, worked as composer Rossinis librettist. In England he taught and worked as a Dante scholar, marrying the much younger Frances Polidori. Polidori gave birth to the famous painter, Dante Gabriel Rossetti in 1828 and two years later to Christina Rossetti. Christina Rossetti was a devout Anglican who never married, although she was engaged twice. There is a sexist assumption that something is solemn about women who never marry. She died in 1894. Gabriel was said to be the more famous of the Rossetti children, but Christina made her fair share of famous poems including Goblin Market probably the most famous. Her poem, L.E.L. (whose heart was breaking for a little love) is one of her less famous poems, but is still written in her distinctive style. As the title suggests, the following is an analysis of the poem and an overall view of to what extent the poem can be called depressing. We will write a custom essay sample on Christina Rossetti specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Christina Rossetti specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Christina Rossetti specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The title of the poem begins with the letters L.E.L. which are the initials of another poet of the same era Letitia E. Landon, who lived between the years of 1802-1838 she died very young, by committing suicide, after being forced into marriage. She had a very depressing and hard, short life and Rossetti has decided to include this in her poem. The reason that she put the initials in the title instead of the whole name is not totally known. It could be because she thought it would be wrong to tell of whom she was writing of, but wanted to hint to the readers of who it was. It could be just to create a sense of mystery right at the beginning of the poem. The title as a whole L.E.L. whose heart was breaking for a little love Almost appears like an epitaph of a gravestone which sets the mood straight away as a depressing one. Especially the latter part of the title which suggests that she died before she ever got to find love and whether that could be linked to her death would make it even more of a tragedy. The rhyme scheme of the poem is an interesting one. It is a-b-a-b-c-c-c. The quatrain part of the verse (a-b-a-b) tells us of L.E.L.s thoughts and feelings. I laugh, I sport and jest and my heart is breaking for a little love. The triplet part of the verse (c-c-c) tells us of the happiness of spring and all living things having a good time. When the quatrain and triplet are juxtaposed it shows the contrast between the depression of her feelings to the positive images of spring and thus making out that everybody and everything is having a good time, but she is not. The nineteenth century was time when people thought that life was just a show or play and everyone would just play out their parts. We can see images of playacting throughout the poem, which portray that it was written in the nineteenth century. Who play the pleasant parts and I deck myself with silks and jewelry. The first of these quotes sounds like it is said with a sneer as if jealous that other people have been enrolled with the pleasant parts and she is stuck with the lonely, depressing role. The latter of these quotes is the first part of a longer quote that follows the same pattern. It shows how she tries to hide her sad feelings, and she puts on a show to people to make-out that nothing is wrong and she is happy. There are images of isolation in the poem that emphasise her depression, and that she is closed off from the rest of the world. Mine own heart that dwells alone. The contrast of I and they I plume myself, they praise my rustling show. Also, in the first verse, there is a depressed, isolated mood created from the contrast of her public life, Downstairs I laugh, to her private life where she feels lonely, my solitary room above. The line running after that is turn my face in silence so we can see the sibilance of solitary, face and silence which creates a soft but, more importantly, sad mood to the poem. There is a line that is, save a few small differences like tense, constant for each verse. It is the fourth line my heart is breaking for a little love which is also included in the title of the poem and repeated six times in the poem. This repetition, and the alliteration of little love, greatly emphasises her loneliness and her desire some sort of love or care in her life. The little creates an even bigger sense of pity, because she isnt even asking to be loved to a great extent. She just wants a little love, someone who shows the least bit of care for her. The use of three, or tripling, is a device used a lot in the poem. I laugh, I sport and jest. And springtime wakes and clothes and feeds the use of three is a link to the bible, and in those days religion was a big thing. It somewhat suggests that her misery is Gods will, and it is just a small part of his great plan that is humanity. The first verse begins with a good start, I laugh, but there is a sense of doubt straight away with the But at the start of the second line. It gives an edge to the poem, because we know it is a sign of contrast, which will lead into the depression of the poem. The happiness of spring then contrasts her feelings and creates a sense of irony. The next verse shows her complete lack of self-esteem woes me and her isolation from the happy spring I feel no spring, while spring is wellnigh blown. This all adds to the depressing atmosphere. The third verse shows more images of isolation all love, are loved, save only I and contrasted to the onomatopoeia of whirr which is a reflection to the sounds of summer. Verse four includes yet more isolation with the contrast of I and they as explained earlier. The I plume myself is also a reference to nature which is ironic as she feels further from nature as possible in this poem, yet describes her actions in the way of a bird. The fifth verse is where more positive lexis starts to appear in the quatrain. Perhaps some saints in glory guess the truth. This is where she longingly hopes that some angel can recognise her sadness and empathise with it by taking her to a better place. There is still a sense of doubt in the word perhaps. The poem so far has seemed an extremely depressing one but in the final verse all negative lexis is changed to positive. The hope that an angel is watching has become a certainty. Yet saith a saint: take patience for thy scathe.' It is also repeated to emphasise that it is a definite certainty. The oxymoron true life is born of death tells us of how the real better life doesnt begin until death has come. The verse is all about life on earth being preparation for something better. The quote when new spring builds new heaven and clean new earth. is a reference to the part spring has played in the poem, and that this new spring is about more than just nature. This last line is the only one to break the pattern of the ten syllable iamtic pentametre that is used in the rest of the poem, and thus symbolising the change in the mood. I think that calling this poem depressing is a fair statement. I would not call it totally depressing because all this womans sadness is taken care of when she dies and her new life is a very happy one. The whole poem, save the last verse, has been about how she is isolated from everything and how sad everything is. For this it could be called depressing, but the last verse totally flips the poem around and ends with happiness. Therefore, this poem can only be called depressing to a certain extent.

Free Essays on Hinduism

Outline Working Titles: Hinduism Introduction: Hinduism is one of the world’s oldest major religions. It is referred to as Sanatan Ved Dharma, the eternal faith. It is a very complex religion with many controversies. I. The religion does not have any one founder, or any one doctrine to which arguments can be solved by. A. There is also no one point in time when the religion is believed to have begun. II. Hinduism believes that there is only one supreme god called Brahman. A. Hinduism is mostly associated with a multiplicity of Gods and it does not practice the worship of one particular deity. B. There are thousands of Gods and Goddesses in the Hinduism faith, all representing the many aspects of the Brahman. 1. Brahman is the 'impersonal' God, or the Universal Soul. III. There are a number of different rituals that are practiced in the Hindu faith. A. Nomenclature, or the naming of a child, is usually done on the 10th day after a child is born. 1. The priest performs the ceremony, summoning the blessings of Gods and Goddesses. IV. Marriage is a step towards spiritual perfection in the viewpoint of the Hindus. A. The parents of the bride and the groom arrange the marriage. B. The date and time of marriage is determined after consulting the almanac. C. Divorce is rarely used as a solution to a damaged marriage. D. Marriage is considered to be as much between families as between individuals; it is performed by having the bride and the groom walk around the sacrificial fire seven steps together. 1. Fire is seen as pure, and the light that it emits is symbolic of wisdom. 2. By holding the bride’s hands during the ceremony, the groom accepts his new wife’s responsibilities. E. Kissing does not occur anywhere in the ceremony, it takes place in privacy, for a personal relationship. V. There are different types of dietary restrictions, depending upon whether or not a Hindu is a vegetarian. A. If a Hindu is a... Free Essays on Hinduism Free Essays on Hinduism Outline Working Titles: Hinduism Introduction: Hinduism is one of the world’s oldest major religions. It is referred to as Sanatan Ved Dharma, the eternal faith. It is a very complex religion with many controversies. I. The religion does not have any one founder, or any one doctrine to which arguments can be solved by. A. There is also no one point in time when the religion is believed to have begun. II. Hinduism believes that there is only one supreme god called Brahman. A. Hinduism is mostly associated with a multiplicity of Gods and it does not practice the worship of one particular deity. B. There are thousands of Gods and Goddesses in the Hinduism faith, all representing the many aspects of the Brahman. 1. Brahman is the 'impersonal' God, or the Universal Soul. III. There are a number of different rituals that are practiced in the Hindu faith. A. Nomenclature, or the naming of a child, is usually done on the 10th day after a child is born. 1. The priest performs the ceremony, summoning the blessings of Gods and Goddesses. IV. Marriage is a step towards spiritual perfection in the viewpoint of the Hindus. A. The parents of the bride and the groom arrange the marriage. B. The date and time of marriage is determined after consulting the almanac. C. Divorce is rarely used as a solution to a damaged marriage. D. Marriage is considered to be as much between families as between individuals; it is performed by having the bride and the groom walk around the sacrificial fire seven steps together. 1. Fire is seen as pure, and the light that it emits is symbolic of wisdom. 2. By holding the bride’s hands during the ceremony, the groom accepts his new wife’s responsibilities. E. Kissing does not occur anywhere in the ceremony, it takes place in privacy, for a personal relationship. V. There are different types of dietary restrictions, depending upon whether or not a Hindu is a vegetarian. A. If a Hindu is a...

What Success Means and How College Will Contribute to the Academic, Scholarship Essay

What Success Means and How College Will Contribute to the Academic, Personal, and Professional Success - Scholarship Essay Example The researcher states that being successful can be said to be, an accomplishment that a person has been longing for and working for it for a very long time. For instance, when one is in high school or any other field of their specialty they work hard to reach their goals when these are achieved a person can say that they have succeeded through one stage of their life and they are ready for the other. Success can also mean that one is happy with the choices they have made in their life, and they are comfortable with themselves for those choices. Endicott College will enable gain the academic success. The author wants to major in accounting and finance. He knows that the school of business is going to enable him to achieve this since there is a serene environment to study where the classrooms are well configured therefore encouraging a lot of concentration. The teachers in the school are friendly in that they provide small groups that encourage the students to study together. They also guide them through the learning process through interacting with them face to face making learning easier. The college also encourages internship through the learning process which will enable the author put into practice what he has learned theoretically. Endicott College is going to enable the researcher successes not only academically but in his personal life. The author is a football player, if given a scholarship or a chance to join the college, he will a productive person in the community as a college, he will be a team player and encourage another student to be more participating and he will also help the community by doing social work through raising funds by playing football as the author is good at it. Through playing football the researcher will be a successful person because he will have a chance to grow in mind and in the way of his thinking. These will give the author an opportunity to play professional football in future which will in return help him make better choi ces through the good teamwork that is encouraged in the school through the coaches, students, and teachers.

Culture Assessement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Culture Assessement - Essay Example They should be fully aware of the need for such an assessment and that they agree to such a review. Aside from the commitment from the top level management, the other lower rank employees should also cooperate with the project. A certain degree of openness must be expected among all the participants who will be interviewed; thus, it is important that the objective of the assessment be relayed to all concerned to ensure the success of the culture assessment (Schein, 2004). A culture change initiative which I experienced happened when I was still working with a development bank. Unlike other banks, we were required to go to the office on Saturday mornings. This was the time devoted to short seminars, personality development programs or the like. Attendance was always a problem because we did not see the relevance of such seminars. We viewed the activity as a total waste of time. When the objectives of the program were explained clearly and its importance emphasized to us, everyone beca me more enthusiastic and attendance greatly improved. Furthermore, we were consulted on the topics that we want to be discussed so we became more interested. Most of us even looked forward to Saturday mornings. References Schein, E. (2004). Organizational culture and leadership. John Wiley and Sons.

Baroque and Classicism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Baroque and Classicism - Essay Example On the other hand, classicism in art is described as forms of artistic style during the late 15th century and defined as â€Å"a movement that can be defined by its attention to traditional forms concentrating on elegance and symmetry. It takes the art of the Greeks and Romans as its idea of perfection† (artrepublic). Using these definitions, the current discourse hereby aims to contrast two distinct works of art: the baroque art of Bernini, â€Å"Ecstasy of St. Teresa†, with the classicism of Poussin, â€Å"Discovery of Achilles on Skyros†. The â€Å"Ecstacy of St. Teresa† by Gian Lorenzo Bernini is reportedly found in the Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome (Khan Academy). Consistent with the characteristics and features noted from the definition of baroque art, the â€Å"Ecstacy of St. Teresa† exhibits the embodiment of movement, energy, intense spirituality and the apparent exemplified passions of the soul as could be viewed from th e facial expression of St. Teresa. The expressed flow of movement could be viewed from the intricate folds of St. Teresa’s clothes, as well as that which was worn by the angel. Since the scenario seemed to depict that the angel had just allegedly pierced St. Teresa’s heart with a spear, the image of St. Teresa was in a suspended motion that apparently vividly shows her point of ecstacy. Therefore, the art work effectively represented baroque in terms of the effectiveness of the artist in capturing the intense passion on the face of his subject, St. Teresa.

L. Pisonis Nut Oil Extraction

L. Pisonis Nut Oil Extraction The search for new crops to provide vegetable oils for use in the industry and also for human consumption is growing increasingly over the past two decades. A rapid search on Web of Science„ ¢ platform present more than 19200 results related to nuts, more than 7600 documents are related to edible oils, and more than 22000 results associated with vegetable oil. Additionally, the published items regarding vegetable oil increased from 282 in 1996, to more than 1930 in 2016 proving the growing interest by the scientific community in such field of study [1]. Several Brazilian seeds/nuts species, especially from the Amazonian area have been studied during the last years and most of them were shown to present bioactive compounds and also potential as functional foods [2]-[7]. Nevertheless, some other species are not well-known or were not summited to any further study to elucidate other characteristics. Lecythis pisonis Camb., a Lecythydaceae tree that grows in Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela and in the Guyanas, commonly known as sapucaia provide nuts particularly similar with that of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa). The delicious edible kernels of sapucaia present a characteristic sweet flavor, being considered more digestible than Brazil nut [8]. In addition to the economic and ecological importance of sapucaia, often used to shade cocoa plantations in Brazilian agroforestry systems [9], the nuts from L. pisonis are a valuable source of macro and micronutrients, essential amino acids, minerals such as P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Mn, Ba, Zn, Fe, Sr, Cu, B, Al, and Cl [3], [10], and also fibers [11]. Furthermore, the sapucaia nuts constitute a relevant source of lipids, about 51-64% [5], [8], [10], [11], in which there is a predominance of the linoleic acid (essential fatty acid). Although sapucaia can be considered a potential crop to provide raw material for the production of vegetable oil, the available papers that studied the nuts have mostly focused on the mineral and fatty acid profile [3], [5], [10], [12], [13], and the latest reports are limited to some agronomic, microbial and pharmacological aspects [9], [14]-[17]. Vegetable oils are widely utilized in many applications such as food, cosmetic, pharmaceutics, and biofuel industries. Consequently, stability tests, rheological essays, phase transitions and other properties of the oils should be well characterized to optimize processing conditions and energy inputs [18], [19]. No reference has been found regarding the total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, thermal and rheological characterization of sapucaia nut oil. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the sapucaia nut oils extracted by Soxhlet and Bligh Dyer means and evaluated for their fatty acid composition, rheological behavior, and thermal properties by using DSC and TG/TGA analysis, total phenolic content, antioxidant properties and oxidative stability by Rancimat in addition to Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). 2.1 Chemicals Other reagents used in the experiments were of analytical grade. The aqueous solutions were prepared using ultrapure water. 2.2 Samples Lecythis pisonis nuts were harvest from a crop area located in the city of Araguanà £, Maranhà £o State, Brazil. The nuts (Fig. 1) were dried in an air-circulating oven (Soc. Fabbe, Brazil) at 40  °C for 24 h. Nutshells were removed manually using a stainless steel knife and then submitted to freeze-drying (Liotop L101, Liobras, Brazil) to remove the residual moisture. Prior to the oil extraction, the nut samples were crushed for 30 s with the aid of a stainless steel knife grinder (MA630/1 Marconi Ltda., Brazil). 2.3 Extraction of nuts oils The oil content of L. pisonis nut samples was extracted by the Bligh Dyer method described in AOCS Ba 3-38 method, and also using n-hexane with Soxhlet apparatus (Vidrolabor ®, Labor Quimi, Brazil) according to American Oil and Chemical Society Official Method (1997). Oils were named LP1 and LP2, respectively. After the oil extraction, solvents were removed at 43  °C under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator (Model 801, Fisatom Ltda., Brazil). Samples were dried at 45  °C in an air circulating oven (Solab, Brazil) and then flushed with gaseous N2 before storage. The oils were kept in an amber glass and stored at -10  °C until further analysis. 2.4 Analytical determinations 2.4.1 Water content and apparent pH Water content was measured by volumetric Karl Fischer titration using a titration system (V30 Mettler-Toledo, Switzerland) [21]. The determination of the pH was performed according to Pena Muniz et al. (2015), as recommended by the Brazilian National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance without previous dilution of the oil, with the aid of a digital pH meter (Model PG1800 Gehaka) at 25  ± 2  °C. The results represent the mean of three measurements. 2.4.2 Measurement of fatty acid composition Fatty acid composition of fresh L. pisonis oils was investigated according to AOCS Official Method Ce 1a-13 [20] by using a GC-MS system (GC-2010) coupled to a mass spectrometer (GCMS-TQ8030) and automatic injection system by headspace (Shimadzu, Japan). Oil samples solubilized with hexane were methylated as described by AOCS Ce 2-66 and then injected into a capillary HP88 column (60 m ÃÆ'- 0.250 mm i.d., 0.2 ÃŽÂ ¼m film thickness, Agilent Technologies) using helium as carrier gas (0.64 mL/min). Oven temperature was programmed to be 175  °C (isothermal) and the detector was held at 250  °C. An aliquot of 1 ÃŽÂ ¼L of the sample was injected using the split injection mode (1:100). Fatty acid composition was expressed as the percentage of the total peak area of all the fatty acids in the oil sample. 2.4.3 Rheological studies Rheological measurements of oils were performed according to Teixeira et al. (2016), by using a Haake Mars II (Thermo Electron GmbH, Germany) rheometer connected to a thermostatic bath (Haake K15), a thermo-circulator water unit (Haake DC5B3) and a Peltier temperature control (Haake UTM Controller). A sensor cone-plate (C60/2  °Ti L) with a diameter of 60 mm and a cone angle of 2  ° was used. Samples remained in the rheometer for 5 min prior to analysis, and sampling was carried out in duplicate. The following measurements were performed: i) flow curve ( = 0.01-500 s-1, t = 300 s); ii) dynamic stress sweep (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 0.01-100 Pa, à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 1 Hz) and subsequent dynamic frequency sweep (à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 0.1-100 Hz, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 1.0 Pa); and iii) temperature sweep (T = 10-60  °C, t = 1440 s, 2  °C/min and 60-10  °C, t = 600 s, 5  °C/min; à Ã¢â‚¬ ° = 1 Hz, à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = 1.0 Pa). Temperature sweeps were performed at a constant tension of 0.5% in the Linear Viscoelastic Region (LVR). The samples were covered by using a sample hood in order to avoid interference of the ambient temperature. The coefficient of determination (R2) and chi-square (à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2) were chosen to evaluate the fit of the Ostwald-de Waele (Eq. (1)) and Herschel-Bulkley (Eq. (2)) models to the experimentally obtained flow curves: Ostwald-de Waele (OW) (1) à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ = + ()nH Herschel-Bulkley (HB) (2) where à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ is the shear stress (Pa), is the shear rate (s-1), à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾0H is the HB yield stress (Pa), K and KH are the consistency index (Pa ·sn), and n and nH are the flow behavior indexes (dimensionless). The effect of the temperature on apparent viscosity was evaluated according to an Arrhenius type equation (Eq. (3)), using a shear rate of 53.4 s-1. (3) where is the apparent viscosity at a specific shear rate, is the preexponential factor, is the activation energy (J.mol-1), is the gas constant (8.31 J. K-1 . mol-1) and is the absolute temperature (K). 2.4.4 Oxidative Stability Index The oxidative stability index (OSI) was estimated in a Metrohm Rancimat model 743 (Herisau, Switzerland), following the American Oil Chemists Society Official Method Cd 12b-92 [20]. Briefly, increasing water conductivities were continually measured while air (20 L/h) was bubbled into the oil (3  ± 0.1 g) heated to 110  °C and their volatile compounds were collected in water. The time taken to reach the conductivity inflection time was recorded. IP was registered by Rancimat 743 PC Software 1.1. 2.4.5 Infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were determined by using a Vertex-70 spectrometer (Bruker, USA) with an attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory, at 25  °C. The oil samples were placed uniformly in the ATR crystal (1.5 mm active area). The FTIR spectra were recorded in the wavenumber range of 4000 to 600 cmˆ’1 with a spectral resolution of 4 cmˆ’1 [23]. 2.4.6 TG-TGA Thermal decomposition TGA analyses were performed in TGA 4000 equipment (PerkinElmer Inc. Waltham, USA). Oil sample (~10 mg) was placed into the platinum pan and then placed in a furnace. The sample was heated from 30 to 750  °C (10  °C/min) in the air atmosphere (70 mL/min flow rate) or under a nitrogen atmosphere. Data on the weight changes of oil samples were obtained from the Pyris„ ¢ software. TG and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves were further analyzed by using Origin 8.6 software (OriginLab, Massachusetts, USA). The thermal stability was measured from the extrapolated onset temperature of the first step of thermal decomposition from respective TG curves, by using the beginning and the peak temperature of the respective DTG peak, as the temperature limits of the data analysis software of the instrument. 2.4.7 DSC Analysis For DSC analysis, a DSC 8500 (PerkinElmer Inc. Waltham, USA) equipped with Pyris„ ¢ software was used. Nitrogen (99.99% purity, White Martins, Brazil) was the purge gas (20 mL/min). The DSC instrument was previously calibrated with Indium (m.p. 156.6  °C, ΆH = 28.45 J/g). The sample was weighed into an aluminum pan and sealed. An empty hermetically sealed aluminum sample pan was used as the reference. In order to reduce temperature gradients, the sample mass was kept small (~ 9.0 mg). The methodology applied was adapted from Zhang et al. (2013). For cooling and melting curves, the samples were first rapidly heated to 80  °C (30  °C/min) from room temperature and held for 10 min. Then, the samples were cooled to ˆ’80  °C (10  °C /min) and held for 10 min to make them fully crystallized, then heated to 80  °C (5  °C /min). To study the effect of the cooling rate on crystallization, samples were rapidly heated to 80  °C (30  °C/min) from room temperature to erase the crystallization memory, and held for 5 min, then the samples were cooled to ˆ’80  °C at the cooling rates of 2  °C/min, 5  °C/min and 10  °C/min, respectively. The cooling thermogram was recorded. For investigating melting profile of L. pisonis oils under isothermal crystallization, the samples were heated at 80  °C (30  °C/min) for 5 min and then cooled (100  °C/min) to a preset temperature (ˆ’10  °C, 0  °C, 10  °C, 20  °C), and hold at that temperature for 10 min for crystallization, then heated to 80  °C (5  °C/min). The melting thermogram was recorded. Pyris„ ¢ manager software was used to calculate the parameters of crystallization and melting, enthalpies, and the solid fat content (SFC) which was estimated based on the integrated area under the melting curve [25]. To measure the cloud point of the oils, the cooling curves at the rate of 2  °C/min were used. The cloud point was the onset temperature of the initial small exothermic peak on these cooling curves [26]. 2.4.8 Total phenolic compounds Contents of the total phenolic compounds (TPC) were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent assay in methanolic extracts of vegetable oils [27]using microplates technique [28],with gallic acid as a standard for the calibration curve. The absorbance at 720 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (Tecan Nanoquant Infinite ® M200, Tecan Trading AG, Switzerland) after reaction with the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent in the alkaline medium stand in the dark for 1 h. Contents of the TPC were expressed in mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g of oil. 2.4.9 Antioxidant essays of the oil extracts The free radical scavenging evaluated by the DPPH assay was determined in triplicate using the method proposed byBrand-Williams et al., (1995). The absorbance at a wavelength of 517 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer (Tecan Nanoquant Infinite ® M200, Tecan Trading AG, Switzerland). ABTS scavenging activity of oil extracts was determined in triplicate using the method described by Re et al., (1999). The absorbance at 734 nm was measured. The total antioxidant potential of the oil extracts was performed using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay [31]. Measurements were performed using the spectrophotometer at 593 nm. The absorbance of the samples was compared to a standard curve (100-1000  µmol/L) and results expressed in mmoL Trolox equivalent per g of oil [mmol TE/g]. All the essays had minor changes as proposed by Zielinski et al., (2016). The determinations were performed in triplicate. 2.5 Data analysis Origin 8.6 software (OriginLab, Massachusetts, USA) was employed to data treatment and graphs. Statistica 10.0 (Statsoft, Brazil) was used for statistical analysis, including means and standard deviations (SD). The experiments were carried out in triplicate. 3.1 Water content and apparent pH As expected for this type of raw material, sapucaia (Lecythis pisonis) oil (SO) samples presented very low water content, to be specific 0.077  ± 0.006 %, and 0.097  ± 0.006 % for LP1 and LP2, respectively. Regarding the apparent pH of SO, LP1 presented 5.720  ± 0.036 and LP2 showed a pH value of 5.353  ± 0.040. 3.2 Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties Concerning the content of phenolic compounds in SO, LP1 presented higher TPC content than LP2(Table 1). In this regard, SO present greater TPC content (1.418 mg GAE/100 g, average value) than almond oil (0.95 mg GAE/100 g), however, Brazil nut has twice the content of TPC (3.64 mg GAE/100 g) than sapucaia, and macadamia presents fifteen times more TPC (22.5 mg GAE/100 g) [33]. In general terms, the sample LP1 obtained by a cold extraction process showed better antioxidant characteristics than LP2. Natural antioxidants that might prevent biological systems from reactive oxygen species are generally present in vegetable oils as phenolic compounds, phytosterols, tocopherols (Vitamin E) and carotenoid compounds [34]. The results found by in vitro antioxidant assays present some variations that might be assigned to the different mechanisms in the analysis (Table 1). These assays are grouped in the electron-transfer category and there is some specificity among them. DPPH and ABTS radical cations have the same mechanism and present characteristic color which can be monitored by a spectrophotometer when the oil extract is mixed with a reactant solution and the reduced form of the radical shows a loss of color as a result of the donation of a hydrogen atom. Similarly, in the presence of antioxidants compounds, FRAP is characterized by electron transfer ability, tha t results in the reduction of iron ions [35] 3.3 Fatty acids profile Fourteen different fatty acids (FA) were identified in the studied SO (Table 2). The oils were composed predominantly of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (61-73%), in which 39.08-45.66% were monounsaturated (MUFA), and 21.95-27.63% were comprised of polyunsaturated (PUFA), such as linoleic and ÃŽÂ ±-linolenic acids, which have been proved to effectively reduce the risk of cancer, osteoporosis, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes [36]. Such FA profile is rather common for Brazilian edible nuts [5], [37], which reinforces the idea of consuming more nuts rich in fatty acids beneficial to human health, since the main commercial source of PUFA, such as à Ã¢â‚¬ °-3 and à Ã¢â‚¬ °-6 has been fish and fish fat [36]. Among the MUFAs, oleic was the major FA found in SO, ranging from 35.54-44.28% for LP2, and LP1, respectively. Important to note that oleic acid is the primary à Ã¢â‚¬ °-9 FA in the human diet, and it is the predominant MUFA in many oil nuts, totalizing, for example 38.50% in Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) [22], 65.59% in garampara (Dipteryx lacunifera) [5], 67.62% in tucumà £ (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) and 39.04% in cutia nut (Couepia edulis) [37]. Besides, the SO presented 21.65-27.19% of linoleic acid, an essential FA which presence in reasonable amounts is important for human health [38]. SO also contains two important cis-MUFA, the cis-Vaccenic and cis-11-Eicosenoic in amounts higher than 1.0%. With regard to the saturated fatty acids (SFA), it is noticed that they represented 25.01-37.25% of total FA, mainly palmitic (14.70-21.38%) and stearic (9.63-11.09%); likewise, other SFA such as myristic, heptadecanoic, and behenic were identified in smaller amounts. Arachidic acid, which is usually present in peanut oil was also found in SO in small quantities and the result is in agreement with Costa and Jorge (2012) who found about 0.22% C20:0 for L. pisonis oil. A similar pattern occurs for Brazil nut, which shows 0.36% arachidic acid, and 14.26% palmitic acid [22]. A good factor to evaluate the quality and digestibility of a vegetable oil can be obtained by the amount and composition of UFA and SFA. A high amount of linoleic acid in comparison to oleic acid (à Ã¢â‚¬ °-9) represents a better quality of the vegetable oil [5]. In this regard, the relationship between linoleic/oleic acids should be considered. The oils can present diverse values for this relationship depending on the extraction method. According to Table 3, the UFA/SFA ratio, as well as the linoleic/oleic ratio for sapucaia oils are lower to those found by [5] and [10], once their oils showed higher content of linoleic acid (Table 2). When compared to other Brazilian oleaginous nuts such as Brazil nut, garampara [5], and cutia nut [37] the unsaturation relationship values between linoleic and oleic acid were also quite different. 3.4 Oxidative Stability Index The oxidative stability index (OSI) is considered an important step in evaluating oil quality. The OSI was evaluated during Rancimat analysis until the end point of stability for SO samples and was expressed in hours. Experimental results confirmed that Bligh Dyer (13.28  ± 0.22 h), which is a cold extraction process, is a technique that causes less damage to the oil in comparison to Soxhlet (7.18  ± 0.50 h) which provided almost one-half of the OSI. The high oleic acid content in SO tends to protect the oil against thermo-oxidation. Costa and Jorge (2012) found 24.89 h of OSI (evaluation at 100  °C) for L. pisonis oil extracted by cold pressing. At the same Rancimat conditions used in this study, similar results were found for Brazil nut oil (8.24 h), hazelnut (8.88 h) and macadamia (7.38 h) [33]. 3.5 Thermal decomposition Thermogravimetric curve (TG) shows the mass loss, and the derivative thermogravimetric curve (DTG) shows the rate of mass loss of SO during thermal decomposition from 30 to 750  °C by TGA (Fig. 2). The values of mass loss are indicated in Table 4. The TG curves indicated that SO were thermally stable up to 303  °C with a mass loss of ~5%. This can be explained by the loss of moisture and volatile compounds in the oils. The oxidative process in vegetable oils is characterized initially by the oxidation forming secondary products (peroxides). The following phase corresponds to the decomposition of MUFA, mainly oleic acid and the polymerization of the substances remaining from the previous phase [39]. Dynamic and inert atmospheres cause different pattern in the TG/DTG profiles. The decomposition and carbonization processes in the air atmosphere occurred in three phases of the curve starting at around 130  °C, achieving about 53-58% mass loss at 405-440  °C, and ending at a temperature range of 611-625  °C, while for nitrogen atmosphere, the process showed two steps, initiating at ~160  °C, reaching 62-75 % mass loss at 426-435  °C, and finishing at 500  °C. DTG curves (Fig. 2) shows more clearly the steps of thermal decomposition. At the higher above-mentioned temperatures, the mass loss reached 100% (no residue remaining). The high UFA content in SO, mainly oleic and linoleic acid are related to be responsible for the occurrence of oxidative degradation reactions [22]. The high values of Ti (onset temperature) showed that SO have high thermal stability, being that the higher is the Ti of decomposition of the oil, the higher is the thermal stability. The results are similar to that of Brazil nut, which is thermally stable up to 209-220  °C and reaches a maximum mass loss of 97% at 580-602  °C [22], [39]. Differences between the thermal behaviors of SO can be related to the FA compositional differences, and also because of the presence of natural antioxidants which tends to protect the oils against oxidation, thus retarding the degradation [40]. 3.6 Thermal behavior for crystallization and melting 3.6.1 Temperature for crystallization and the influence of scanning rate In order to investigate the melting profile of SO under isothermal crystallization, previous tests were done. In one hand, the melting thermogram (Fig. 3 a, b) revealed that when frozen at -10  °C the oil samples showed endothermic peaks at -6.81  °C (LP1) and at -6.16  °C (LP2), with a enthalpy of 9.28 J/g for LP1 and 7.26 for LP2. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that there was no event afterward 0  °C, revealing that no crystallization occurs after that temperature. Such a feature may confirm the liquid state of the SO at room temperature (25  °C). During cooling, the oils exhibited two transitions. The thermograms showed that the position of the exotherms is dependent on the cooling rate, while the amount of the exotherms is independent on the cooling rate. In addition, increasing the cooling rate causes the crystallization peak temperature to shift to lower temperatures, the peak height and area increase (Fig. 3 c, d). This behavior may correspond to the differential crystallization of higher melting triacylglycerols (TAGs) firstly and lower melting TAGs secondly. Similar results are described for palm oil fractions [24]. The scanning rate of 2  °C/min reduces the lag in output response from the DSC instrument as well as preserves the minor peaks and reduces the smoothing tendencies, which occurred at a higher scanning rate; however, the first peak is too small when compared to the rate of 5  °C/min, which provided better resolution for the peak analysis in the Pyris„ ¢ software. 3.6.2 Cooling curve During cooling (Fig. 4a), SO presented a similar pattern of crystallization showing two distinct peaks (exothermic) in the crystallization behavior, namely peak 1 (PC1) and peak 2 (PC2). PC1 which indicates the change from liquid to solid was found in the temperature of -11.56 (LP1) and -12.51 (LP2), while the PC2 was observed in the temperature range of -59.80 to -73.93  °C, both related to the crystallization of TAGs. The crystallization onset temperature occurs at around -8.0  °C and this process extends over a range of 15-23  °C. The sum of the crystallization enthalpy of the two peaks for the two oils were -22.17 and -32.56 J/g for LP1 and LP2, respectively (Table 5). Heat is released during the phase transition of oil from liquid form to solid form; for this reason, values for crystallization enthalpy were negative [41]. Different endothermic and exothermic peaks are exhibited according to different contents of saturated or unsaturated TAG and FA present in the oils [42]. Smaller or shoulder peak are also correlated to the differing type of TAG. In addition, an inseparable shoulder peak which melts at the same temperature range comes from the complex nature of the TAG [43]. 3.6.3 Heating curve During melting, SO were found to be completely melted at 8.28  °C and 6.29  °C (LP1 and LP2, respectively) when heated at 5  °C/min (Fig. 4b). Moreover, LP1 showed a single major shoulder before the maximum melting peaks (PM) at -18.42  °C, while LP2 showed a major shoulder before PM (-21.47  °C) and an additional one, after the major peak at -6.61  °C. The melting curve of SO began at -25.77  °C (LP1), and -29.87  °C (LP2) and the major peak was observed in a temperature region varying between -7.99 to -10.13  °C, ending the events around -1.09 to -1.68  °C. The process comprises a melting range of 24-28  °C, with a melting enthalpy of 59.34 (LP1) and 64.76J/g (LP2) (Table 5). During heating treatment of oil, multiple endothermic regions are correlated to the separate melting events of the TAG. Furthermore, the composition and polymorphism of the oils can cause some overlapping effects, resulting in different shapes of the endothermic peaks [18]. The phase transitions are principally determined by the degree of heterogeneity in the composition of the oils, and include breaking/formation of hydrogen bonds, being a result of structural rearrangements in the chains of glycerides. [44]. 3.6.4 Cloud point The cloud point is referred as the temperature at which oil begins to cloud as a result as a result of the first stage of crystallization under controlled cooling, and it is related to the oils degree of unsaturation. The higher is the unsaturation of the oil, the lower the cloud point [26]. The cooling curves of sapucaia oils showed an initial small exothermic peak at -6.87  °C (LP1) and -7.00  °C (LP2). This peak corresponded to the first stage of crystallization and cloud point corresponded to the onset of crystallization. A second large exothermic peak at ˆ’49.95  °C (LP1) and -49.96  °C (LP2) with further cooling indicated the oil underwent an additional crystallization step. The same behavior was found for hazelnut oils, which presented the first small exothermic peak at -12.4  °C and a large one at -31.5  °C [26]. The lower cloud point of sapucaia oils was also a result of the lower content of SFA compared to the UFA. 3.6.5 Solid Fat Content The solid fat content (SFC) is considered an important physical property of lipids because it expresses their physical, sensorial, technological and protecting/release properties, and it affects physical properties such as consistency, spreadability, and stability [45]. According to the melting thermograms (Fig. 4b), SO presented no changes in SFC previously to -40  °C, so then the data analysis was performed in the range of -40 to 20  °C (melting peak region). The SFC showed less than 2.5% decrease between -40 to -30  °C for the two oils, and started to drop rapidly at around -20 up to 0  °C; then slowed down from 6 to 10  °C until there was no solid fat remaining (Fig. 5). The SFC is associated with the FA profile. Oils with higher content of UFA are easier to melt compared to ones with higher SFA [41], [45]. 3.7 Rheology properties 3.7.1 Steady state rheology The results for rheological behavior of SO shows that the apparent viscosity (ÃŽÂ ·) tends to decrease with increasing temperature (T) and also with increasing the shear rate (ÃŽÂ ³), indicating that the flow of the sapucaia oils is pseudoplastic (n > 1) (Table 6, 7 and Fig. 6). On the one hand, it is usual for oils to exhibit a dependency of T; on the other hand, a non-dependency of higher ÃŽÂ ³ is observed. At 50  °C, the ÃŽÂ · is almost constant throughout the entire range tested, with minimum influence of the ÃŽÂ ³. Furthermore, 2.0 s-1wasthe maximum value of ÃŽÂ ³ which induced major changes in ÃŽÂ · (see detail in Fig. 6, b and c). According to Gila et al. (2015), a greater amount of FAs such as C18:1 and C18:2 as the major components of the oils appear to make a great contribution to the flow behavior of oils. The experimental data fitted by Ostwald-de Waele (OW) and Herschel-Bulkley (HB) models (Fig. 6a, Table 6) showed a good fit (R2 > 0.999; à Ã¢â‚¬ ¡2 KH values decrease (Fig. 6e and Table 6). Similar observation for many edible oils such as coconut, sunflower, canola, corn [47] and olive oils [48] was reported. The OW model showed that the oils were non-Newtonian (n nH > 1) at 30 and 40  °C (Fig. 6f). The HB model is able to determine yield stress (à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾0H), at which a material begins to deform plastically without returning to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. SO have small values for à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾0H which also tends to decrease with the increase of T. Fig. 7 shows the non

The Telescope Essay -- essays research papers

The telescope has changed the world greatly by being able to make distant objects appear closer and more distinct. It helped scientists to discover things that could not be seen by the naked eye. For example, a lot of things in space would have not been discovered if it were not for the telescope. Also, it helped the world of eyesight. It would not only let you see objects from far away, it would also help you see if you had a problem with it. It could also be used for other things: hunting, war, and making new discoveries. What would the world be like without the telescope?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t know what the world would be like, but I some very good reasons why it was good that the telescope was created. Before there was the telescope people had to make discoveries by judgment. They were not very accurate discoveries. They also had to just use the naked eye when they would have to use the naked eye when looking at distant objects that could have been easily seen by the telescope. The telescope was one of the main instruments of what has been called the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. It revealed unsuspected phenomena in the heaves and had a profound influence on the controversy between followers of the traditional astronomy, the cosmos, and those who favored the naked eye. It was the first extension of man’s senses and demonstrated that ordinary observers could see things that Aristotle had not dreamed of. It therefore helped shift authority in the observation of nature from men to instruments. In short, it was the prototype of modern scientific instruments. But the telescope was not the invention of scientists; rather, it was the product of craftsmen. For that reason, much of it’s origin is inaccessible to us since craftsmen were by large illiterate and therefore historically often invisible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the magnifying and diminishing properties of the convex and concave transparent objects was known in Antiquity, lenses, as we know them, were introduced in the West at the end of the thirteenth century. Glass of reasonable quality had become relatively cheap and in the major glass-making centers of Venice and Florence techniques for grinding and polishing glass had reached a high state of development. Now one of the main problems faced by aging scholoars could be solved. With age, the ey... ...e-maker’s on the Pont Neuf in Paris, and four months later there were several in Italy. We know that Thomas Harriot observed the mon with a six-powered spyglass in early August in 1609 but it was Galileo who made the instrument famous. He constructed the first spyglass in June or July of 1609, presented an eight-powered instrument to the Venentian Senate in August, and turned a twenty-powered instrument to the heavens on October or November. With this instument he oberserved the moon, discovered four satellites of Jupiter and resolved nebular patches into stars. This was just the beginning of many discoveries by the telescope.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you can see, the telescope has changed the world greatly. Not just by using the telescope for all it’s uses, but also to encourage people to invent and discover things. As I stated before, it was one of the first big scientific discoveries of the Seventeenth century. So I will ask you again, what would the world be like without the telescope? Would we have discovered so many things without it? It is a good thing that it had been invented or we would have a very restricted look on life and everything around us out there. The Telescope Essay -- essays research papers The telescope has changed the world greatly by being able to make distant objects appear closer and more distinct. It helped scientists to discover things that could not be seen by the naked eye. For example, a lot of things in space would have not been discovered if it were not for the telescope. Also, it helped the world of eyesight. It would not only let you see objects from far away, it would also help you see if you had a problem with it. It could also be used for other things: hunting, war, and making new discoveries. What would the world be like without the telescope?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don’t know what the world would be like, but I some very good reasons why it was good that the telescope was created. Before there was the telescope people had to make discoveries by judgment. They were not very accurate discoveries. They also had to just use the naked eye when they would have to use the naked eye when looking at distant objects that could have been easily seen by the telescope. The telescope was one of the main instruments of what has been called the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. It revealed unsuspected phenomena in the heaves and had a profound influence on the controversy between followers of the traditional astronomy, the cosmos, and those who favored the naked eye. It was the first extension of man’s senses and demonstrated that ordinary observers could see things that Aristotle had not dreamed of. It therefore helped shift authority in the observation of nature from men to instruments. In short, it was the prototype of modern scientific instruments. But the telescope was not the invention of scientists; rather, it was the product of craftsmen. For that reason, much of it’s origin is inaccessible to us since craftsmen were by large illiterate and therefore historically often invisible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the magnifying and diminishing properties of the convex and concave transparent objects was known in Antiquity, lenses, as we know them, were introduced in the West at the end of the thirteenth century. Glass of reasonable quality had become relatively cheap and in the major glass-making centers of Venice and Florence techniques for grinding and polishing glass had reached a high state of development. Now one of the main problems faced by aging scholoars could be solved. With age, the ey... ...e-maker’s on the Pont Neuf in Paris, and four months later there were several in Italy. We know that Thomas Harriot observed the mon with a six-powered spyglass in early August in 1609 but it was Galileo who made the instrument famous. He constructed the first spyglass in June or July of 1609, presented an eight-powered instrument to the Venentian Senate in August, and turned a twenty-powered instrument to the heavens on October or November. With this instument he oberserved the moon, discovered four satellites of Jupiter and resolved nebular patches into stars. This was just the beginning of many discoveries by the telescope.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As you can see, the telescope has changed the world greatly. Not just by using the telescope for all it’s uses, but also to encourage people to invent and discover things. As I stated before, it was one of the first big scientific discoveries of the Seventeenth century. So I will ask you again, what would the world be like without the telescope? Would we have discovered so many things without it? It is a good thing that it had been invented or we would have a very restricted look on life and everything around us out there.